#!/usr/bin/env python
#
# Electrum - lightweight Bitcoin client
# Copyright (C) 2011 Thomas Voegtlin
#
# Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person
# obtaining a copy of this software and associated documentation files
# (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction,
# including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge,
# publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software,
# and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
# subject to the following conditions:
#
# The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
# included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
#
# THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
# EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
# MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
# NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS
# BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN
# ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN
# CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
# SOFTWARE.

# Note: The deserialization code originally comes from ABE.

import struct
import io
import base64
from typing import (
    Sequence, Union, NamedTuple, Tuple, Optional, Iterable, Callable, List, Dict, Set, TYPE_CHECKING, Mapping
)
from collections import defaultdict
from enum import IntEnum
import itertools
import binascii
import copy

import electrum_ecc as ecc
from electrum_ecc.util import bip340_tagged_hash

from . import bitcoin, bip32
from .bip32 import BIP32Node
from .util import to_bytes, bfh, chunks, is_hex_str, parse_max_spend
from .bitcoin import (
    TYPE_ADDRESS, TYPE_SCRIPT, hash_160, hash160_to_p2sh, hash160_to_p2pkh, hash_to_segwit_addr, var_int,
    TOTAL_COIN_SUPPLY_LIMIT_IN_BTC, COIN, opcodes, base_decode, base_encode, construct_witness, construct_script,
    taproot_tweak_seckey
)
from .crypto import sha256d, sha256
from .logging import get_logger
from .util import ShortID, OldTaskGroup
from .descriptor import Descriptor, MissingSolutionPiece, create_dummy_descriptor_from_address

if TYPE_CHECKING:
    from .wallet import Abstract_Wallet
    from .network import Network
    from .simple_config import SimpleConfig


_logger = get_logger(__name__)
DEBUG_PSBT_PARSING = False


_NEEDS_RECALC = ...  # sentinel value


class SerializationError(Exception):
    """ Thrown when there's a problem deserializing or serializing """


class UnknownTxinType(Exception):
    pass


class BadHeaderMagic(SerializationError):
    pass


class UnexpectedEndOfStream(SerializationError):
    pass


class PSBTInputConsistencyFailure(SerializationError):
    pass


class MalformedBitcoinScript(Exception):
    pass


class MissingTxInputAmount(Exception):
    pass


class TxinDataFetchProgress(NamedTuple):
    num_tasks_done: int
    num_tasks_total: int
    has_errored: bool
    has_finished: bool


class Sighash(IntEnum):
    # note: this is not an IntFlag, as ALL|NONE != SINGLE

    DEFAULT = 0  # taproot only (bip-0341)
    ALL = 1
    NONE = 2
    SINGLE = 3
    ANYONECANPAY = 0x80

    @classmethod
    def is_valid(cls, sighash: int, *, is_taproot: bool = False) -> bool:
        valid_flags = {
            0x01, 0x02, 0x03,
            0x81, 0x82, 0x83,
        }
        if is_taproot:
            valid_flags.add(0x00)
        return sighash in valid_flags

    @classmethod
    def to_sigbytes(cls, sighash: int) -> bytes:
        if sighash == Sighash.DEFAULT:
            return b""
        return sighash.to_bytes(length=1, byteorder="big")


class TxOutput:
    scriptpubkey: bytes
    value: Union[int, str]

    def __init__(self, *, scriptpubkey: bytes, value: Union[int, str]):
        self.scriptpubkey = scriptpubkey
        if not (isinstance(value, int) or parse_max_spend(value) is not None):
            raise ValueError(f"bad txout value: {value!r}")
        self.value = value  # int in satoshis; or spend-max-like str

    @classmethod
    def from_address_and_value(cls, address: str, value: Union[int, str]) -> Union['TxOutput', 'PartialTxOutput']:
        return cls(scriptpubkey=bitcoin.address_to_script(address),
                   value=value)

    def serialize_to_network(self) -> bytes:
        buf = int.to_bytes(self.value, 8, byteorder="little", signed=False)
        script = self.scriptpubkey
        buf += var_int(len(script))
        buf += script
        return buf

    @classmethod
    def from_network_bytes(cls, raw: bytes) -> 'TxOutput':
        vds = BCDataStream()
        vds.write(raw)
        txout = parse_output(vds)
        if vds.can_read_more():
            raise SerializationError('extra junk at the end of TxOutput bytes')
        return txout

    def to_legacy_tuple(self) -> Tuple[int, str, Union[int, str]]:
        if self.address:
            return TYPE_ADDRESS, self.address, self.value
        return TYPE_SCRIPT, self.scriptpubkey.hex(), self.value

    @classmethod
    def from_legacy_tuple(cls, _type: int, addr: str, val: Union[int, str]) -> Union['TxOutput', 'PartialTxOutput']:
        if _type == TYPE_ADDRESS:
            return cls.from_address_and_value(addr, val)
        if _type == TYPE_SCRIPT:
            return cls(scriptpubkey=bfh(addr), value=val)
        raise Exception(f"unexpected legacy address type: {_type}")

    @property
    def scriptpubkey(self) -> bytes:
        return self._scriptpubkey

    @scriptpubkey.setter
    def scriptpubkey(self, scriptpubkey: bytes):
        self._scriptpubkey = scriptpubkey
        self._address = _NEEDS_RECALC

    @property
    def address(self) -> Optional[str]:
        if self._address is _NEEDS_RECALC:
            self._address = get_address_from_output_script(self._scriptpubkey)
        return self._address

    def get_ui_address_str(self) -> str:
        addr = self.address
        if addr is not None:
            return addr
        return f"SCRIPT {self.scriptpubkey.hex()}"

    def __repr__(self):
        return f"<TxOutput script={self.scriptpubkey.hex()} address={self.address} value={self.value}>"

    def __eq__(self, other):
        if not isinstance(other, TxOutput):
            return False
        return self.scriptpubkey == other.scriptpubkey and self.value == other.value

    def __ne__(self, other):
        return not (self == other)

    def to_json(self):
        d = {
            'scriptpubkey': self.scriptpubkey.hex(),
            'address': self.address,
            'value_sats': self.value,
        }
        return d


class BIP143SharedTxDigestFields(NamedTuple):  # witness v0
    hashPrevouts: bytes
    hashSequence: bytes
    hashOutputs: bytes

    @classmethod
    def from_tx(cls, tx: 'Transaction') -> 'BIP143SharedTxDigestFields':
        inputs = tx.inputs()
        outputs = tx.outputs()
        hashPrevouts = sha256d(b''.join(txin.prevout.serialize_to_network() for txin in inputs))
        hashSequence = sha256d(b''.join(
            int.to_bytes(txin.nsequence, length=4, byteorder="little", signed=False)
            for txin in inputs))
        hashOutputs = sha256d(b''.join(o.serialize_to_network() for o in outputs))
        return BIP143SharedTxDigestFields(
            hashPrevouts=hashPrevouts,
            hashSequence=hashSequence,
            hashOutputs=hashOutputs,
        )


class BIP341SharedTxDigestFields(NamedTuple):  # witness v1
    sha_prevouts: bytes
    sha_amounts: bytes
    sha_scriptpubkeys: bytes
    sha_sequences: bytes
    sha_outputs: bytes

    @classmethod
    def from_tx(cls, tx: 'Transaction') -> 'BIP341SharedTxDigestFields':
        inputs = tx.inputs()
        outputs = tx.outputs()
        sha_prevouts = sha256(b''.join(txin.prevout.serialize_to_network() for txin in inputs))
        sha_amounts = sha256(b''.join(
            int.to_bytes(txin.value_sats(), length=8, byteorder="little", signed=False)
            for txin in inputs))
        sha_scriptpubkeys = sha256(b''.join(
            var_int(len(txin.scriptpubkey)) + txin.scriptpubkey
            for txin in inputs))
        sha_sequences = sha256(b''.join(
            int.to_bytes(txin.nsequence, length=4, byteorder="little", signed=False)
            for txin in inputs))
        sha_outputs = sha256(b''.join(o.serialize_to_network() for o in outputs))
        return BIP341SharedTxDigestFields(
            sha_prevouts=sha_prevouts,
            sha_amounts=sha_amounts,
            sha_scriptpubkeys=sha_scriptpubkeys,
            sha_sequences=sha_sequences,
            sha_outputs=sha_outputs,
        )


class SighashCache:

    def __init__(self):
        self._witver0 = None  # type: Optional[BIP143SharedTxDigestFields]
        self._witver1 = None  # type: Optional[BIP341SharedTxDigestFields]

    def get_witver0_data_for_tx(self, tx: 'Transaction') -> BIP143SharedTxDigestFields:
        if self._witver0 is None:
            self._witver0 = BIP143SharedTxDigestFields.from_tx(tx)
        return self._witver0

    def get_witver1_data_for_tx(self, tx: 'Transaction') -> BIP341SharedTxDigestFields:
        if self._witver1 is None:
            self._witver1 = BIP341SharedTxDigestFields.from_tx(tx)
        return self._witver1


class TxOutpoint(NamedTuple):
    txid: bytes  # endianness same as hex string displayed; reverse of tx serialization order
    out_idx: int

    @classmethod
    def from_str(cls, s: str) -> 'TxOutpoint':
        hash_str, idx_str = s.split(':')
        assert len(hash_str) == 64, f"{hash_str} should be a sha256 hash"
        return TxOutpoint(txid=bfh(hash_str),
                          out_idx=int(idx_str))

    def __str__(self) -> str:
        return f"""TxOutpoint("{self.to_str()}")"""

    def __repr__(self):
        return f"<{str(self)}>"

    def to_str(self) -> str:
        return f"{self.txid.hex()}:{self.out_idx}"

    def to_json(self):
        return [self.txid.hex(), self.out_idx]

    def serialize_to_network(self) -> bytes:
        return self.txid[::-1] + int.to_bytes(self.out_idx, length=4, byteorder="little", signed=False)

    def is_coinbase(self) -> bool:
        return self.txid == bytes(32)

    def short_name(self):
        return f"{self.txid.hex()[0:10]}:{self.out_idx}"


class TxInput:
    prevout: TxOutpoint
    script_sig: Optional[bytes]
    nsequence: int
    witness: Optional[bytes]
    _is_coinbase_output: bool

    def __init__(self, *,
                 prevout: TxOutpoint,
                 script_sig: bytes = None,
                 nsequence: int = 0xffffffff - 1,
                 witness: bytes = None,
                 is_coinbase_output: bool = False):
        self.prevout = prevout
        self.script_sig = script_sig
        self.nsequence = nsequence
        self.witness = witness
        self._is_coinbase_output = is_coinbase_output
        # blockchain fields
        self.block_height = None  # type: Optional[int]  # height at which the TXO is mined; None means unknown. not SPV-ed.
        self.block_txpos = None  # type: Optional[int]  # position of tx in block, if TXO is mined; otherwise None or -1
        self.spent_height = None  # type: Optional[int]  # height at which the TXO got spent
        self.spent_txid = None  # type: Optional[str]  # txid of the spender
        self._utxo = None  # type: Optional[Transaction]
        self.__scriptpubkey = None  # type: Optional[bytes]
        self.__address = None  # type: Optional[str]
        self.__value_sats = None  # type: Optional[int]

        self._is_taproot = None  # type: Optional[bool]  # None means unknown

    def get_time_based_relative_locktime(self) -> Optional[int]:
        # see bip 68
        if self.nsequence & (1<<31):
            return
        if self.nsequence & (1<<22):
            return self.nsequence & 0xffff

    def get_block_based_relative_locktime(self) -> Optional[int]:
        if self.nsequence & (1<<31):
            return
        if not self.nsequence & (1<<22):
            return self.nsequence & 0xffff

    @property
    def short_id(self):
        if self.block_txpos is not None and self.block_txpos >= 0:
            return ShortID.from_components(self.block_height, self.block_txpos, self.prevout.out_idx)
        else:
            return self.prevout.short_name()

    @property
    def utxo(self):
        return self._utxo

    @utxo.setter
    def utxo(self, tx: Optional['Transaction']):
        if tx is None:
            return
        # note that tx might be a PartialTransaction
        # serialize and de-serialize tx now. this might e.g. convert a complete PartialTx to a Tx
        tx = tx_from_any(str(tx))
        # 'utxo' field should not be a PSBT:
        if not tx.is_complete():
            return
        self.validate_data(utxo=tx)
        self._utxo = tx
        # update derived fields
        out_idx = self.prevout.out_idx
        self.__scriptpubkey = self._utxo.outputs()[out_idx].scriptpubkey
        self.__address = _NEEDS_RECALC
        self.__value_sats = self._utxo.outputs()[out_idx].value

    def validate_data(self, *, utxo: Optional['Transaction'] = None, **kwargs) -> None:
        utxo = utxo or self.utxo
        if utxo:
            if self.prevout.txid.hex() != utxo.txid():
                raise PSBTInputConsistencyFailure(f"PSBT input validation: "
                                                  f"If a non-witness UTXO is provided, its hash must match the hash specified in the prevout")

    def is_coinbase_input(self) -> bool:
        """Whether this is the input of a coinbase tx."""
        return self.prevout.is_coinbase()

    def is_coinbase_output(self) -> bool:
        """Whether the coin being spent is an output of a coinbase tx.
        This matters for coin maturity (and pretty much only for that!).
        """
        return self._is_coinbase_output

    def value_sats(self) -> Optional[int]:
        return self.__value_sats

    @property
    def address(self) -> Optional[str]:
        if self.__address is _NEEDS_RECALC:
            self.__address = get_address_from_output_script(self.__scriptpubkey)
        return self.__address

    @property
    def scriptpubkey(self) -> Optional[bytes]:
        return self.__scriptpubkey

    def to_json(self):
        d = {
            'prevout_hash': self.prevout.txid.hex(),
            'prevout_n': self.prevout.out_idx,
            'coinbase': self.is_coinbase_output(),
            'nsequence': self.nsequence,
        }
        if self.script_sig is not None:
            d['scriptSig'] = self.script_sig.hex()
        if self.witness is not None:
            d['witness'] = [x.hex() for x in self.witness_elements()]
        return d

    def serialize_to_network(self, *, script_sig: bytes = None) -> bytes:
        if script_sig is None:
            script_sig = self.script_sig
        # Prev hash and index
        s = self.prevout.serialize_to_network()
        # Script length, script, sequence
        s += var_int(len(script_sig))
        s += script_sig
        s += int.to_bytes(self.nsequence, length=4, byteorder="little", signed=False)
        return s

    def witness_elements(self) -> Sequence[bytes]:
        if not self.witness:
            return []
        vds = BCDataStream()
        vds.write(self.witness)
        n = vds.read_compact_size()
        return list(vds.read_bytes(vds.read_compact_size()) for i in range(n))

    def is_segwit(self, *, guess_for_address=False) -> bool:
        if self.witness not in (b'\x00', b'', None):
            return True
        return False

    def is_taproot(self) -> Optional[bool]:
        if self._is_taproot is None:
            if self.address:
                self._is_taproot = bitcoin.is_taproot_address(self.address)
        return self._is_taproot

    async def add_info_from_network(
            self,
            network: Optional['Network'],
            *,
            ignore_network_issues: bool = True,
            timeout=None,
    ) -> bool:
        """Returns True iff successful."""
        from .network import NetworkException
        async def fetch_from_network(txid) -> Optional[Transaction]:
            tx = None
            if network and network.has_internet_connection():
                try:
                    raw_tx = await network.get_transaction(txid, timeout=timeout)
                except NetworkException as e:
                    _logger.info(f'got network error getting input txn. err: {repr(e)}. txid: {txid}. '
                                 f'if you are intentionally offline, consider using the --offline flag')
                    if not ignore_network_issues:
                        raise e
                else:
                    tx = Transaction(raw_tx)
            if not tx and not ignore_network_issues:
                raise NetworkException('failed to get prev tx from network')
            return tx

        if self.utxo is None:
            self.utxo = await fetch_from_network(txid=self.prevout.txid.hex())
        return self.utxo is not None

    def get_scriptcode_for_sighash(self) -> bytes:
        """Reconstructs the scriptcode part of the preimage for OP_CHECKSIG,
        for an already complete txin, in order to *verify the signature*.
        """
        scriptpubkey = self.scriptpubkey
        if scriptpubkey is None:
            raise Exception("missing scriptpubkey. 'utxo' not set?")
        script_type = get_script_type_from_output_script(scriptpubkey)
        if script_type == "p2wsh":
            wit_elems = self.witness_elements()
            if not wit_elems:
                raise Exception(f"missing witness for {script_type=}")
            witness_script = wit_elems[-1]
            if self.address != bitcoin.script_to_p2wsh(witness_script):
                raise Exception("witness_script from witness does not match address")
            if opcodes.OP_CODESEPARATOR in [x[0] for x in script_GetOp(witness_script)]:
                raise Exception('OP_CODESEPARATOR black magic is not supported')
            return witness_script
        elif script_type == "p2wpkh":
            pkh = scriptpubkey[-20:]
            assert len(pkh) == 20
            p2pkh_script = bitcoin.pubkeyhash_to_p2pkh_script(pkh)
            return p2pkh_script
        elif script_type == "p2sh":
            if not self.script_sig:
                raise Exception(f"missing script_sig for {script_type=}")
            parsed_ss = list(script_GetOp(self.script_sig))
            redeem_script = parsed_ss[-1][1]
            if self.address != bitcoin.hash160_to_p2sh(hash_160(redeem_script)):
                raise Exception("redeem_script from script_sig does not match address")
            if self.is_segwit():  # p2sh-wrapped-segwit
                inner_script_type = get_script_type_from_output_script(redeem_script)
                if inner_script_type == "p2wsh":
                    wit_elems = self.witness_elements()
                    witness_script = wit_elems[-1]
                    if redeem_script != bitcoin.p2wsh_nested_script(witness_script):
                        raise Exception("witness_script from witness does not match redeem_script")
                    if opcodes.OP_CODESEPARATOR in [x[0] for x in script_GetOp(witness_script)]:
                        raise Exception('OP_CODESEPARATOR black magic is not supported')
                    return witness_script
                elif inner_script_type == "p2wpkh":
                    pkh = self.script_sig[-20:]
                    assert len(pkh) == 20
                    p2pkh_script = bitcoin.pubkeyhash_to_p2pkh_script(pkh)
                    return p2pkh_script
                else:
                    raise Exception(f"unexpected {inner_script_type=} wrapped in p2sh. script_sig={self.script_sig.hex()}")
            else:
                if opcodes.OP_CODESEPARATOR in [x[0] for x in script_GetOp(redeem_script)]:
                    raise Exception('OP_CODESEPARATOR black magic is not supported')
                return redeem_script
        elif script_type in ("p2pkh", "p2pk"):
            # For "raw scriptpubkey" case, it is usually the scriptPubKey that is signed.
            # Complications for the general case:
            # - signatures should be removed ("FindAndDelete")
            # - OP_CODESEPARATOR black magic
            return scriptpubkey
        else:
            raise Exception(f"cannot handle {script_type=} ({scriptpubkey.hex()=})")
        raise Exception("should not get here")


class BCDataStream(object):
    """Workalike python implementation of Bitcoin's CDataStream class."""

    def __init__(self):
        self.input = None  # type: Optional[bytearray]
        self.read_cursor = 0

    def clear(self):
        self.input = None
        self.read_cursor = 0

    def write(self, _bytes: Union[bytes, bytearray]):  # Initialize with string of _bytes
        assert isinstance(_bytes, (bytes, bytearray))
        if self.input is None:
            self.input = bytearray(_bytes)
        else:
            self.input += bytearray(_bytes)

    def read_string(self, encoding='ascii'):
        # Strings are encoded depending on length:
        # 0 to 252 :  1-byte-length followed by bytes (if any)
        # 253 to 65,535 : byte'253' 2-byte-length followed by bytes
        # 65,536 to 4,294,967,295 : byte '254' 4-byte-length followed by bytes
        # ... and the Bitcoin client is coded to understand:
        # greater than 4,294,967,295 : byte '255' 8-byte-length followed by bytes of string
        # ... but I don't think it actually handles any strings that big.
        if self.input is None:
            raise SerializationError("call write(bytes) before trying to deserialize")

        length = self.read_compact_size()

        return self.read_bytes(length).decode(encoding)

    def write_string(self, string, encoding='ascii'):
        string = to_bytes(string, encoding)
        # Length-encoded as with read-string
        self.write_compact_size(len(string))
        self.write(string)

    def read_bytes(self, length: int) -> bytes:
        if self.input is None:
            raise SerializationError("call write(bytes) before trying to deserialize")
        assert length >= 0
        input_len = len(self.input)
        read_begin = self.read_cursor
        read_end = read_begin + length
        if 0 <= read_begin <= read_end <= input_len:
            result = self.input[read_begin:read_end]  # type: bytearray
            self.read_cursor += length
            return bytes(result)
        else:
            raise SerializationError('attempt to read past end of buffer')

    def write_bytes(self, _bytes: Union[bytes, bytearray], length: int):
        assert len(_bytes) == length, len(_bytes)
        self.write(_bytes)

    def can_read_more(self) -> bool:
        if not self.input:
            return False
        return self.read_cursor < len(self.input)

    def read_boolean(self) -> bool: return self.read_bytes(1) != b'\x00'
    def read_int16(self): return self._read_num('<h')
    def read_uint16(self): return self._read_num('<H')
    def read_int32(self): return self._read_num('<i')
    def read_uint32(self): return self._read_num('<I')
    def read_int64(self): return self._read_num('<q')
    def read_uint64(self): return self._read_num('<Q')

    def write_boolean(self, val): return self.write(b'\x01' if val else b'\x00')
    def write_int16(self, val): return self._write_num('<h', val)
    def write_uint16(self, val): return self._write_num('<H', val)
    def write_int32(self, val): return self._write_num('<i', val)
    def write_uint32(self, val): return self._write_num('<I', val)
    def write_int64(self, val): return self._write_num('<q', val)
    def write_uint64(self, val): return self._write_num('<Q', val)

    def read_compact_size(self):
        try:
            size = self.input[self.read_cursor]
            self.read_cursor += 1
            if size == 253:
                size = self._read_num('<H')
            elif size == 254:
                size = self._read_num('<I')
            elif size == 255:
                size = self._read_num('<Q')
            return size
        except IndexError as e:
            raise SerializationError("attempt to read past end of buffer") from e

    def write_compact_size(self, size):
        if size < 0:
            raise SerializationError("attempt to write size < 0")
        elif size < 253:
            self.write(bytes([size]))
        elif size < 2**16:
            self.write(b'\xfd')
            self._write_num('<H', size)
        elif size < 2**32:
            self.write(b'\xfe')
            self._write_num('<I', size)
        elif size < 2**64:
            self.write(b'\xff')
            self._write_num('<Q', size)
        else:
            raise Exception(f"size {size} too large for compact_size")

    def _read_num(self, format):
        try:
            (i,) = struct.unpack_from(format, self.input, self.read_cursor)
            self.read_cursor += struct.calcsize(format)
        except Exception as e:
            raise SerializationError(e) from e
        return i

    def _write_num(self, format, num):
        s = struct.pack(format, num)
        self.write(s)


def script_GetOp(_bytes : bytes):
    i = 0
    while i < len(_bytes):
        vch = None
        opcode = _bytes[i]
        i += 1

        if opcode <= opcodes.OP_PUSHDATA4:
            nSize = opcode
            if opcode == opcodes.OP_PUSHDATA1:
                try: nSize = _bytes[i]
                except IndexError: raise MalformedBitcoinScript()
                i += 1
            elif opcode == opcodes.OP_PUSHDATA2:
                try: (nSize,) = struct.unpack_from('<H', _bytes, i)
                except struct.error: raise MalformedBitcoinScript()
                i += 2
            elif opcode == opcodes.OP_PUSHDATA4:
                try: (nSize,) = struct.unpack_from('<I', _bytes, i)
                except struct.error: raise MalformedBitcoinScript()
                i += 4
            if i + nSize > len(_bytes):
                raise MalformedBitcoinScript(
                    f"Push of data element that is larger than remaining data: {nSize} vs {len(_bytes) - i}")
            vch = _bytes[i:i + nSize]
            i += nSize

        yield opcode, vch, i


class OPPushDataGeneric:
    def __init__(self, pushlen: Callable=None):
        if pushlen is not None:
            self.check_data_len = pushlen

    @classmethod
    def check_data_len(cls, datalen: int) -> bool:
        # Opcodes below OP_PUSHDATA4 all just push data onto stack, and are equivalent.
        return opcodes.OP_PUSHDATA4 >= datalen >= 0

    @classmethod
    def is_instance(cls, item):
        # accept objects that are instances of this class
        # or other classes that are subclasses
        return isinstance(item, cls) \
               or (isinstance(item, type) and issubclass(item, cls))


class OPGeneric:
    def __init__(self, matcher: Callable = None):
        if matcher is not None:
            self.matcher = matcher

    def match(self, op) -> bool:
        return self.matcher(op)

    @classmethod
    def is_instance(cls, item):
        # accept objects that are instances of this class
        # or other classes that are subclasses
        return isinstance(item, cls) \
               or (isinstance(item, type) and issubclass(item, cls))


OPPushDataPubkey = OPPushDataGeneric(lambda x: x in (33, 65))
OP_ANYSEGWIT_VERSION = OPGeneric(lambda x: x in list(range(opcodes.OP_1, opcodes.OP_16 + 1)))

SCRIPTPUBKEY_TEMPLATE_P2PK = [OPPushDataGeneric(lambda x: x in (33, 65)), opcodes.OP_CHECKSIG]
SCRIPTPUBKEY_TEMPLATE_P2PKH = [opcodes.OP_DUP, opcodes.OP_HASH160,
                               OPPushDataGeneric(lambda x: x == 20),
                               opcodes.OP_EQUALVERIFY, opcodes.OP_CHECKSIG]
SCRIPTPUBKEY_TEMPLATE_P2SH = [opcodes.OP_HASH160, OPPushDataGeneric(lambda x: x == 20), opcodes.OP_EQUAL]
SCRIPTPUBKEY_TEMPLATE_WITNESS_V0 = [opcodes.OP_0, OPPushDataGeneric(lambda x: x in (20, 32))]
SCRIPTPUBKEY_TEMPLATE_P2WPKH = [opcodes.OP_0, OPPushDataGeneric(lambda x: x == 20)]
SCRIPTPUBKEY_TEMPLATE_P2WSH = [opcodes.OP_0, OPPushDataGeneric(lambda x: x == 32)]
SCRIPTPUBKEY_TEMPLATE_P2TR = [opcodes.OP_1, OPPushDataGeneric(lambda x: x == 32)]
SCRIPTPUBKEY_TEMPLATE_ANYSEGWIT = [OP_ANYSEGWIT_VERSION, OPPushDataGeneric(lambda x: x in list(range(2, 40 + 1)))]


def check_scriptpubkey_template_and_dust(scriptpubkey, amount: Optional[int]):
    if match_script_against_template(scriptpubkey, SCRIPTPUBKEY_TEMPLATE_P2PKH):
        dust_limit = bitcoin.DUST_LIMIT_P2PKH
    elif match_script_against_template(scriptpubkey, SCRIPTPUBKEY_TEMPLATE_P2SH):
        dust_limit = bitcoin.DUST_LIMIT_P2SH
    elif match_script_against_template(scriptpubkey, SCRIPTPUBKEY_TEMPLATE_P2WSH):
        dust_limit = bitcoin.DUST_LIMIT_P2WSH
    elif match_script_against_template(scriptpubkey, SCRIPTPUBKEY_TEMPLATE_P2WPKH):
        dust_limit = bitcoin.DUST_LIMIT_P2WPKH
    elif match_script_against_template(scriptpubkey, SCRIPTPUBKEY_TEMPLATE_ANYSEGWIT):
        dust_limit = bitcoin.DUST_LIMIT_UNKNOWN_SEGWIT
    else:
        raise Exception(f'scriptpubkey does not conform to any template: {scriptpubkey.hex()}')
    if amount < dust_limit:
        raise Exception(f'amount ({amount}) is below dust limit for scriptpubkey type ({dust_limit})')


def merge_duplicate_tx_outputs(outputs: Iterable['PartialTxOutput']) -> List['PartialTxOutput']:
    """Merges outputs that are paying to the same address by replacing them with a single larger output."""
    output_dict = {}
    for output in outputs:
        assert isinstance(output.value, int), "tx outputs with spend-max-like str cannot be merged"
        if output.scriptpubkey in output_dict:
            output_dict[output.scriptpubkey].value += output.value
        else:
            output_dict[output.scriptpubkey] = copy.copy(output)
    return list(output_dict.values())


def match_script_against_template(script, template, debug=False) -> bool:
    """Returns whether 'script' matches 'template'."""
    if script is None:
        return False
    # optionally decode script now:
    if isinstance(script, (bytes, bytearray)):
        try:
            script = [x for x in script_GetOp(script)]
        except MalformedBitcoinScript:
            if debug:
                _logger.debug(f"malformed script")
            return False
    if debug:
        _logger.debug(f"match script against template: {script}")
    if len(script) != len(template):
        if debug:
            _logger.debug(f"length mismatch {len(script)} != {len(template)}")
        return False
    for i in range(len(script)):
        template_item = template[i]
        script_item = script[i]
        if OPPushDataGeneric.is_instance(template_item) and template_item.check_data_len(script_item[0]):
            continue
        if OPGeneric.is_instance(template_item) and template_item.match(script_item[0]):
            continue
        if template_item != script_item[0]:
            if debug:
                _logger.debug(f"item mismatch at position {i}: {template_item} != {script_item[0]}")
            return False
    return True


def get_script_type_from_output_script(scriptpubkey: bytes) -> Optional[str]:
    if scriptpubkey is None:
        return None
    try:
        decoded = [x for x in script_GetOp(scriptpubkey)]
    except MalformedBitcoinScript:
        return None
    if match_script_against_template(decoded, SCRIPTPUBKEY_TEMPLATE_P2PK):
        return 'p2pk'
    if match_script_against_template(decoded, SCRIPTPUBKEY_TEMPLATE_P2PKH):
        return 'p2pkh'
    if match_script_against_template(decoded, SCRIPTPUBKEY_TEMPLATE_P2SH):
        return 'p2sh'
    if match_script_against_template(decoded, SCRIPTPUBKEY_TEMPLATE_P2WPKH):
        return 'p2wpkh'
    if match_script_against_template(decoded, SCRIPTPUBKEY_TEMPLATE_P2WSH):
        return 'p2wsh'
    if match_script_against_template(decoded, SCRIPTPUBKEY_TEMPLATE_P2TR):
        return 'p2tr'
    return None


def get_address_from_output_script(_bytes: bytes, *, net=None) -> Optional[str]:
    try:
        decoded = [x for x in script_GetOp(_bytes)]
    except MalformedBitcoinScript:
        return None

    # p2pkh
    if match_script_against_template(decoded, SCRIPTPUBKEY_TEMPLATE_P2PKH):
        return hash160_to_p2pkh(decoded[2][1], net=net)

    # p2sh
    if match_script_against_template(decoded, SCRIPTPUBKEY_TEMPLATE_P2SH):
        return hash160_to_p2sh(decoded[1][1], net=net)

    # segwit address (version 0)
    if match_script_against_template(decoded, SCRIPTPUBKEY_TEMPLATE_WITNESS_V0):
        return hash_to_segwit_addr(decoded[1][1], witver=0, net=net)

    # segwit address (version 1-16)
    future_witness_versions = list(range(opcodes.OP_1, opcodes.OP_16 + 1))
    for witver, opcode in enumerate(future_witness_versions, start=1):
        match = [opcode, OPPushDataGeneric(lambda x: 2 <= x <= 40)]
        if match_script_against_template(decoded, match):
            return hash_to_segwit_addr(decoded[1][1], witver=witver, net=net)

    return None


def parse_input(vds: BCDataStream) -> TxInput:
    prevout_hash = vds.read_bytes(32)[::-1]
    prevout_n = vds.read_uint32()
    prevout = TxOutpoint(txid=prevout_hash, out_idx=prevout_n)
    script_sig = vds.read_bytes(vds.read_compact_size())
    nsequence = vds.read_uint32()
    return TxInput(prevout=prevout, script_sig=script_sig, nsequence=nsequence)


def parse_witness(vds: BCDataStream, txin: TxInput) -> None:
    n = vds.read_compact_size()
    witness_elements = list(vds.read_bytes(vds.read_compact_size()) for i in range(n))
    txin.witness = construct_witness(witness_elements)


def parse_output(vds: BCDataStream) -> TxOutput:
    value = vds.read_int64()
    if value > TOTAL_COIN_SUPPLY_LIMIT_IN_BTC * COIN:
        raise SerializationError('invalid output amount (too large)')
    if value < 0:
        raise SerializationError('invalid output amount (negative)')
    scriptpubkey = vds.read_bytes(vds.read_compact_size())
    return TxOutput(value=value, scriptpubkey=scriptpubkey)


# pay & redeem scripts

def multisig_script(public_keys: Sequence[str], m: int) -> bytes:
    n = len(public_keys)
    assert 1 <= m <= n <= 15, f'm {m}, n {n}'
    return construct_script([m, *public_keys, n, opcodes.OP_CHECKMULTISIG])


class Transaction:
    _cached_network_ser: Optional[str]

    def __str__(self):
        return self.serialize()

    def __init__(self, raw):
        if raw is None:
            self._cached_network_ser = None
        elif isinstance(raw, str):
            self._cached_network_ser = raw.strip() if raw else None
            assert is_hex_str(self._cached_network_ser)
        elif isinstance(raw, (bytes, bytearray)):
            self._cached_network_ser = raw.hex()
        else:
            raise Exception(f"cannot initialize transaction from {raw}")
        self._inputs = None  # type: List[TxInput]
        self._outputs = None  # type: List[TxOutput]
        self._locktime = 0
        self._version = 2

        self._cached_txid = None  # type: Optional[str]

    @property
    def locktime(self):
        self.deserialize()
        return self._locktime

    @locktime.setter
    def locktime(self, value: int):
        assert isinstance(value, int), f"locktime must be int, not {value!r}"
        self._locktime = value
        self.invalidate_ser_cache()

    @property
    def version(self):
        self.deserialize()
        return self._version

    @version.setter
    def version(self, value):
        self._version = value
        self.invalidate_ser_cache()

    def to_json(self) -> dict:
        d = {
            'version': self.version,
            'locktime': self.locktime,
            'inputs': [txin.to_json() for txin in self.inputs()],
            'outputs': [txout.to_json() for txout in self.outputs()],
        }
        return d

    def inputs(self) -> Sequence[TxInput]:
        if self._inputs is None:
            self.deserialize()
        return self._inputs

    def outputs(self) -> Sequence[TxOutput]:
        if self._outputs is None:
            self.deserialize()
        return self._outputs

    def deserialize(self) -> None:
        if self._cached_network_ser is None:
            return
        if self._inputs is not None:
            return

        raw_bytes = bfh(self._cached_network_ser)
        vds = BCDataStream()
        vds.write(raw_bytes)
        self._version = vds.read_int32()
        n_vin = vds.read_compact_size()
        is_segwit = (n_vin == 0)
        if is_segwit:
            marker = vds.read_bytes(1)
            if marker != b'\x01':
                raise SerializationError('invalid txn marker byte: {}'.format(marker))
            n_vin = vds.read_compact_size()
        if n_vin < 1:
            raise SerializationError('tx needs to have at least 1 input')
        txins = [parse_input(vds) for i in range(n_vin)]
        n_vout = vds.read_compact_size()
        if n_vout < 1:
            raise SerializationError('tx needs to have at least 1 output')
        self._outputs = [parse_output(vds) for i in range(n_vout)]
        if is_segwit:
            for txin in txins:
                parse_witness(vds, txin)
        self._inputs = txins  # only expose field after witness is parsed, for sanity
        self._locktime = vds.read_uint32()
        if vds.can_read_more():
            raise SerializationError('extra junk at the end')

    @classmethod
    def serialize_witness(cls, txin: TxInput, *, estimate_size=False) -> bytes:
        if txin.witness is not None:
            return txin.witness
        if txin.is_coinbase_input():
            return b""
        assert isinstance(txin, PartialTxInput)

        if not txin.is_segwit():
            return construct_witness([])

        if estimate_size and hasattr(txin, 'make_witness'):
            sig_dummy = b'\x00' * 71  # DER-encoded ECDSA sig, with low S and low R
            txin.witness_sizehint = len(txin.make_witness(sig_dummy))

        if estimate_size and txin.witness_sizehint is not None:
            return bytes(txin.witness_sizehint)

        dummy_desc = None
        if estimate_size:
            dummy_desc = create_dummy_descriptor_from_address(txin.address)
        if desc := (txin.script_descriptor or dummy_desc):
            sol = desc.satisfy(allow_dummy=estimate_size, sigdata=txin.sigs_ecdsa)
            if sol.witness is not None:
                return sol.witness
            return construct_witness([])
        raise UnknownTxinType("cannot construct witness")

    @classmethod
    def input_script(cls, txin: TxInput, *, estimate_size=False) -> bytes:
        if txin.script_sig is not None:
            return txin.script_sig
        if txin.is_coinbase_input():
            return b""
        assert isinstance(txin, PartialTxInput)

        if txin.is_p2sh_segwit() and txin.redeem_script:
            return construct_script([txin.redeem_script])
        if txin.is_native_segwit():
            return b""

        dummy_desc = None
        if estimate_size:
            dummy_desc = create_dummy_descriptor_from_address(txin.address)
        if desc := (txin.script_descriptor or dummy_desc):
            if desc.is_segwit():
                if redeem_script := desc.expand().redeem_script:
                    return construct_script([redeem_script])
                return b""
            sol = desc.satisfy(allow_dummy=estimate_size, sigdata=txin.sigs_ecdsa)
            if sol.script_sig is not None:
                return sol.script_sig
            return b""
        raise UnknownTxinType("cannot construct scriptSig")

    def serialize_preimage(
        self,
        txin_index: int,
        *,
        sighash: Optional[int] = None,
        sighash_cache: SighashCache = None,
    ) -> bytes:
        nVersion = int.to_bytes(self.version, length=4, byteorder="little", signed=True)
        nLocktime = int.to_bytes(self.locktime, length=4, byteorder="little", signed=False)
        inputs = self.inputs()
        outputs = self.outputs()
        txin = inputs[txin_index]
        if isinstance(txin, PartialTxInput):
            if sighash is None:
                sighash = txin.sighash
            if sighash is None:
                sighash = Sighash.DEFAULT if txin.is_taproot() else Sighash.ALL
        assert sighash is not None
        if not Sighash.is_valid(sighash, is_taproot=txin.is_taproot()):
            raise Exception(f"SIGHASH_FLAG ({sighash}) not supported!")
        if sighash_cache is None:
            sighash_cache = SighashCache()
        if txin.is_segwit():
            if txin.is_taproot():
                scache = sighash_cache.get_witver1_data_for_tx(self)
                sighash_epoch = b"\x00"
                hash_type = int.to_bytes(sighash, length=1, byteorder="little", signed=False)
                # txdata
                preimage_txdata = bytearray()
                preimage_txdata += nVersion
                preimage_txdata += nLocktime
                if sighash & 0x80 != Sighash.ANYONECANPAY:
                    preimage_txdata += scache.sha_prevouts
                    preimage_txdata += scache.sha_amounts
                    preimage_txdata += scache.sha_scriptpubkeys
                    preimage_txdata += scache.sha_sequences
                if sighash & 3 not in (Sighash.NONE, Sighash.SINGLE):
                    preimage_txdata += scache.sha_outputs
                # inputdata
                preimage_inputdata = bytearray()
                spend_type = bytes([0])  # (ext_flag * 2) + annex_present
                preimage_inputdata += spend_type
                if sighash & 0x80 == Sighash.ANYONECANPAY:
                    preimage_inputdata += txin.prevout.serialize_to_network()
                    preimage_inputdata += int.to_bytes(txin.value_sats(), length=8, byteorder="little", signed=False)
                    preimage_inputdata += var_int(len(txin.scriptpubkey)) + txin.scriptpubkey
                    preimage_inputdata += int.to_bytes(txin.nsequence, length=4, byteorder="little", signed=False)
                else:
                    preimage_inputdata += int.to_bytes(txin_index, length=4, byteorder="little", signed=False)
                # TODO sha_annex
                # outputdata
                preimage_outputdata = bytearray()
                if sighash & 3 == Sighash.SINGLE:
                    try:
                        txout = outputs[txin_index]
                    except IndexError:
                        raise Exception("Using SIGHASH_SINGLE without a corresponding output") from None
                    # note: we could cache this to avoid some potential DOS vectors:
                    preimage_outputdata += sha256(txout.serialize_to_network())
                return bytes(sighash_epoch + hash_type + preimage_txdata + preimage_inputdata + preimage_outputdata)
            else:  # segwit (witness v0)
                scache = sighash_cache.get_witver0_data_for_tx(self)
                if not (sighash & Sighash.ANYONECANPAY):
                    hashPrevouts = scache.hashPrevouts
                else:
                    hashPrevouts = bytes(32)
                if not (sighash & Sighash.ANYONECANPAY) and (sighash & 0x1f) != Sighash.SINGLE and (sighash & 0x1f) != Sighash.NONE:
                    hashSequence = scache.hashSequence
                else:
                    hashSequence = bytes(32)
                if (sighash & 0x1f) != Sighash.SINGLE and (sighash & 0x1f) != Sighash.NONE:
                    hashOutputs = scache.hashOutputs
                elif (sighash & 0x1f) == Sighash.SINGLE and txin_index < len(outputs):
                    # note: we could cache this to avoid some potential DOS vectors:
                    hashOutputs = sha256d(outputs[txin_index].serialize_to_network())
                else:
                    hashOutputs = bytes(32)
                outpoint = txin.prevout.serialize_to_network()
                preimage_script = txin.get_scriptcode_for_sighash()
                scriptCode = var_int(len(preimage_script)) + preimage_script
                amount = int.to_bytes(txin.value_sats(), length=8, byteorder="little", signed=False)
                nSequence = int.to_bytes(txin.nsequence, length=4, byteorder="little", signed=False)
                nHashType = int.to_bytes(sighash, length=4, byteorder="little", signed=False)
                preimage = nVersion + hashPrevouts + hashSequence + outpoint + scriptCode + amount + nSequence + hashOutputs + nLocktime + nHashType
                return preimage
        else:  # legacy sighash (pre-segwit)
            if sighash != Sighash.ALL:
                raise Exception(f"SIGHASH_FLAG ({sighash}) not supported! (for legacy sighash)")
            preimage_script = txin.get_scriptcode_for_sighash()
            txins = var_int(len(inputs)) + b"".join(
                txin.serialize_to_network(script_sig=preimage_script if txin_index==k else b"")
                for k, txin in enumerate(inputs))
            txouts = var_int(len(outputs)) + b"".join(o.serialize_to_network() for o in outputs)
            nHashType = int.to_bytes(sighash, length=4, byteorder="little", signed=False)
            preimage = nVersion + txins + txouts + nLocktime + nHashType
            return preimage
        raise Exception("should not reach this")

    def verify_sig_for_txin(
        self,
        *,
        txin_index: int,
        pubkey_bytes: bytes,
        sig: bytes,
        sighash_cache: SighashCache = None,
    ) -> bool:
        txin = self.inputs()[txin_index]
        if txin.is_taproot():
            raise Exception("not implemented")  # TODO
        else:
            der_sig, sighash = sig[:-1], sig[-1]
            pre_hash = self.serialize_preimage(txin_index, sighash=sighash, sighash_cache=sighash_cache)
            pubkey = ecc.ECPubkey(pubkey_bytes)
            msg_hash = sha256d(pre_hash)
            sig64 = ecc.ecdsa_sig64_from_der_sig(der_sig)
            return pubkey.ecdsa_verify(sig64, msg_hash)

    def is_segwit(self, *, guess_for_address=False):
        return any(txin.is_segwit(guess_for_address=guess_for_address)
                   for txin in self.inputs())

    def invalidate_ser_cache(self):
        self._cached_network_ser = None
        self._cached_txid = None

    def serialize(self) -> str:
        if not self._cached_network_ser:
            self._cached_network_ser = self.serialize_to_network(estimate_size=False, include_sigs=True)
        return self._cached_network_ser

    def serialize_as_bytes(self) -> bytes:
        return bfh(self.serialize())

    def serialize_to_network(self, *, estimate_size=False, include_sigs=True, force_legacy=False) -> str:
        """Serialize the transaction as used on the Bitcoin network, into hex.
        `include_sigs` signals whether to include scriptSigs and witnesses.
        `force_legacy` signals to use the pre-segwit format
        note: (not include_sigs) implies force_legacy
        """
        self.deserialize()
        nVersion = int.to_bytes(self.version, length=4, byteorder="little", signed=True).hex()
        nLocktime = int.to_bytes(self.locktime, length=4, byteorder="little", signed=False).hex()
        inputs = self.inputs()
        outputs = self.outputs()

        def create_script_sig(txin: TxInput) -> bytes:
            if include_sigs:
                script_sig = self.input_script(txin, estimate_size=estimate_size)
                return script_sig
            return b""
        txins = var_int(len(inputs)).hex() + ''.join(
            txin.serialize_to_network(script_sig=create_script_sig(txin)).hex()
            for txin in inputs)
        txouts = var_int(len(outputs)).hex() + ''.join(o.serialize_to_network().hex() for o in outputs)

        use_segwit_ser_for_estimate_size = estimate_size and self.is_segwit(guess_for_address=True)
        use_segwit_ser_for_actual_use = not estimate_size and self.is_segwit()
        use_segwit_ser = use_segwit_ser_for_estimate_size or use_segwit_ser_for_actual_use
        if include_sigs and not force_legacy and use_segwit_ser:
            marker = '00'
            flag = '01'
            witness = ''.join(self.serialize_witness(x, estimate_size=estimate_size).hex() for x in inputs)
            return nVersion + marker + flag + txins + txouts + witness + nLocktime
        else:
            return nVersion + txins + txouts + nLocktime

    def to_qr_data(self) -> Tuple[str, bool]:
        """Returns (serialized_tx, is_complete). The tx is serialized to be put inside a QR code. No side-effects.
        As space in a QR code is limited, some data might have to be omitted. This is signalled via is_complete=False.
        """
        is_complete = True
        tx = copy.deepcopy(self)  # make copy as we mutate tx
        if isinstance(tx, PartialTransaction):
            # this makes QR codes a lot smaller (or just possible in the first place!)
            # note: will not apply if all inputs are taproot, due to new sighash.
            tx.convert_all_utxos_to_witness_utxos()
            is_complete = False
        tx_bytes = tx.serialize_as_bytes()
        return base_encode(tx_bytes, base=43), is_complete

    def txid(self) -> Optional[str]:
        if self._cached_txid is None:
            self.deserialize()
            all_segwit = all(txin.is_segwit() for txin in self.inputs())
            if not all_segwit and not self.is_complete():
                return None
            try:
                ser = self.serialize_to_network(force_legacy=True)
            except UnknownTxinType:
                # we might not know how to construct scriptSig for some scripts
                return None
            self._cached_txid = sha256d(bfh(ser))[::-1].hex()
        return self._cached_txid

    def wtxid(self) -> Optional[str]:
        self.deserialize()
        if not self.is_complete():
            return None
        try:
            ser = self.serialize_to_network()
        except UnknownTxinType:
            # we might not know how to construct scriptSig/witness for some scripts
            return None
        return sha256d(bfh(ser))[::-1].hex()

    def add_info_from_wallet(self, wallet: 'Abstract_Wallet', **kwargs) -> None:
        # populate prev_txs
        for txin in self.inputs():
            wallet.add_input_info(txin)

    async def add_info_from_network(
        self,
        network: Optional['Network'],
        *,
        ignore_network_issues: bool = True,
        progress_cb: Callable[[TxinDataFetchProgress], None] = None,
        timeout=None,
    ) -> None:
        """note: it is recommended to call add_info_from_wallet first, as this can save some network requests"""
        if not self.is_missing_info_from_network():
            return
        if progress_cb is None:
            progress_cb = lambda *args, **kwargs: None
        num_tasks_done = 0
        num_tasks_total = 0
        has_errored = False
        has_finished = False

        async def add_info_to_txin(txin: TxInput):
            nonlocal num_tasks_done, has_errored
            progress_cb(TxinDataFetchProgress(num_tasks_done, num_tasks_total, has_errored, has_finished))
            success = await txin.add_info_from_network(
                network=network,
                ignore_network_issues=ignore_network_issues,
                timeout=timeout,
            )
            if success:
                num_tasks_done += 1
            else:
                has_errored = True
            progress_cb(TxinDataFetchProgress(num_tasks_done, num_tasks_total, has_errored, has_finished))

        # schedule a network task for each txin
        try:
            async with OldTaskGroup() as group:
                for txin in self.inputs():
                    if txin.utxo is None:
                        num_tasks_total += 1
                        await group.spawn(add_info_to_txin(txin=txin))
        except Exception as e:
            has_errored = True
            _logger.error(f"tx.add_info_from_network() got exc: {e!r}")
        finally:
            has_finished = True
            progress_cb(TxinDataFetchProgress(num_tasks_done, num_tasks_total, has_errored, has_finished))

    def is_missing_info_from_network(self) -> bool:
        return any(txin.utxo is None for txin in self.inputs())

    def add_info_from_wallet_and_network(
        self, *, wallet: 'Abstract_Wallet', show_error: Callable[[str], None],
    ) -> bool:
        """Returns whether successful.
        note: This is sort of a legacy hack... doing network requests in non-async code.
              Relatedly, this should *not* be called from the network thread.
        """
        # note side-effect: tx is being mutated
        from .network import NetworkException, Network
        self.add_info_from_wallet(wallet)
        try:
            if self.is_missing_info_from_network():
                Network.run_from_another_thread(
                    self.add_info_from_network(wallet.network, ignore_network_issues=False))
        except NetworkException as e:
            show_error(repr(e))
            return False
        return True

    def get_time_based_relative_locktime(self) -> Optional[int]:
        if self.version < 2:
            return
        locktimes = list(filter(None, [txin.get_time_based_relative_locktime() for txin in self.inputs()]))
        return max(locktimes) if locktimes else None

    def get_block_based_relative_locktime(self) -> Optional[int]:
        if self.version < 2:
            return
        locktimes = list(filter(None, [txin.get_block_based_relative_locktime() for txin in self.inputs()]))
        return max(locktimes) if locktimes else None

    def is_rbf_enabled(self) -> bool:
        """Whether the tx explicitly signals BIP-0125 replace-by-fee."""
        return any([txin.nsequence < 0xffffffff - 1 for txin in self.inputs()])

    def estimated_size(self) -> int:
        """Return an estimated virtual tx size in vbytes.
        BIP-0141 defines 'Virtual transaction size' to be weight/4 rounded up.
        This definition is only for humans, and has little meaning otherwise.
        If we wanted sub-byte precision, fee calculation should use transaction
        weights, but for simplicity we approximate that with (virtual_size)x4
        """
        weight = self.estimated_weight()
        return self.virtual_size_from_weight(weight)

    @classmethod
    def estimated_input_weight(cls, txin: TxInput, is_segwit_tx: bool) -> int:
        """Return an estimate of serialized input weight in weight units."""
        script_sig = cls.input_script(txin, estimate_size=True)
        input_size = len(txin.serialize_to_network(script_sig=script_sig))

        if txin.is_segwit(guess_for_address=True):
            witness_size = len(cls.serialize_witness(txin, estimate_size=True))
        else:
            witness_size = 1 if is_segwit_tx else 0

        return 4 * input_size + witness_size

    @classmethod
    def estimated_output_size_for_address(cls, address: str) -> int:
        """Return an estimate of serialized output size in bytes."""
        script = bitcoin.address_to_script(address)
        return cls.estimated_output_size_for_script(script)

    @classmethod
    def estimated_output_size_for_script(cls, script: bytes) -> int:
        """Return an estimate of serialized output size in bytes."""
        # 8 byte value + varint script len + script
        script_len = len(script)
        var_int_len = len(var_int(script_len))
        return 8 + var_int_len + script_len

    @classmethod
    def virtual_size_from_weight(cls, weight: int) -> int:
        return weight // 4 + (weight % 4 > 0)

    @classmethod
    def satperbyte_from_satperkw(cls, feerate_kw):
        """Converts feerate from sat/kw to sat/vbyte."""
        return feerate_kw * 4 / 1000

    def estimated_total_size(self):
        """Return an estimated total transaction size in bytes."""
        if not self.is_complete() or self._cached_network_ser is None:
            return len(self.serialize_to_network(estimate_size=True)) // 2
        else:
            return len(self._cached_network_ser) // 2  # ASCII hex string

    def estimated_witness_size(self):
        """Return an estimate of witness size in bytes."""
        estimate = not self.is_complete()
        if not self.is_segwit(guess_for_address=estimate):
            return 0
        inputs = self.inputs()
        witness = b"".join(self.serialize_witness(x, estimate_size=estimate) for x in inputs)
        witness_size = len(witness) + 2  # include marker and flag
        return witness_size

    def estimated_base_size(self):
        """Return an estimated base transaction size in bytes."""
        return self.estimated_total_size() - self.estimated_witness_size()

    def estimated_weight(self):
        """Return an estimate of transaction weight."""
        total_tx_size = self.estimated_total_size()
        base_tx_size = self.estimated_base_size()
        return 3 * base_tx_size + total_tx_size

    def is_complete(self) -> bool:
        return True

    def get_output_idxs_from_scriptpubkey(self, script: bytes) -> Set[int]:
        """Returns the set indices of outputs with given script."""
        assert isinstance(script, bytes)
        # build cache if there isn't one yet
        # note: can become stale and return incorrect data
        #       if the tx is modified later; that's out of scope.
        if not hasattr(self, '_script_to_output_idx'):
            d = defaultdict(set)
            for output_idx, o in enumerate(self.outputs()):
                o_script = o.scriptpubkey
                d[o_script].add(output_idx)
            self._script_to_output_idx = d
        return set(self._script_to_output_idx[script])  # copy

    def get_output_idxs_from_address(self, addr: str) -> Set[int]:
        script = bitcoin.address_to_script(addr)
        return self.get_output_idxs_from_scriptpubkey(script)

    def replace_output_address(self, old_address: str, new_address: str) -> None:
        idx = list(self.get_output_idxs_from_address(old_address))
        assert len(idx) == 1
        amount = self._outputs[idx[0]].value
        funding_output = PartialTxOutput.from_address_and_value(new_address, amount)
        old_output = PartialTxOutput.from_address_and_value(old_address, amount)
        self._outputs.remove(old_output)
        self.add_outputs([funding_output])
        delattr(self, '_script_to_output_idx')

    def get_change_outputs(self):
        return  [o for o in self._outputs if o.is_change]

    def has_change(self):
        return len(self.get_change_outputs()) > 0

    def get_dummy_output(self, dummy_addr: str) -> Optional['PartialTxOutput']:
        idxs = self.get_output_idxs_from_address(dummy_addr)
        if not idxs:
            return
        assert len(idxs) == 1
        for i in idxs:
            return self.outputs()[i]

    def output_value_for_address(self, addr):
        # assumes exactly one output has that address
        for o in self.outputs():
            if o.address == addr:
                return o.value
        else:
            raise Exception('output not found', addr)

    def input_value(self) -> int:
        input_values = [txin.value_sats() for txin in self.inputs()]
        if any([val is None for val in input_values]):
            raise MissingTxInputAmount()
        return sum(input_values)

    def output_value(self) -> int:
        return sum(o.value for o in self.outputs())

    def get_fee(self) -> Optional[int]:
        try:
            return self.input_value() - self.output_value()
        except MissingTxInputAmount:
            return None

    def get_input_idx_that_spent_prevout(self, prevout: TxOutpoint) -> Optional[int]:
        # build cache if there isn't one yet
        # note: can become stale and return incorrect data
        #       if the tx is modified later; that's out of scope.
        if not hasattr(self, '_prevout_to_input_idx'):
            d = {}  # type: Dict[TxOutpoint, int]
            for i, txin in enumerate(self.inputs()):
                d[txin.prevout] = i
            self._prevout_to_input_idx = d
        idx = self._prevout_to_input_idx.get(prevout)
        if idx is not None:
            assert self.inputs()[idx].prevout == prevout
        return idx


def convert_raw_tx_to_hex(raw: Union[str, bytes]) -> str:
    """Sanitizes tx-describing input (hex/base43/base64) into
    raw tx hex string."""
    if not raw:
        raise ValueError("empty string")
    raw_unstripped = raw
    raw = raw.strip()
    # try hex
    try:
        return binascii.unhexlify(raw).hex()
    except Exception:
        pass
    # try base43
    try:
        return base_decode(raw, base=43).hex()
    except Exception:
        pass
    # try base64
    if raw[0:6] in ('cHNidP', b'cHNidP'):  # base64 psbt
        try:
            return base64.b64decode(raw, validate=True).hex()
        except Exception:
            pass
    # raw bytes (do not strip whitespaces in this case)
    if isinstance(raw_unstripped, bytes):
        return raw_unstripped.hex()
    raise ValueError(f"failed to recognize transaction encoding for txt: {raw[:30]}...")


def tx_from_any(raw: Union[str, bytes], *,
                deserialize: bool = True) -> Union['PartialTransaction', 'Transaction']:
    if isinstance(raw, bytearray):
        raw = bytes(raw)
    raw = convert_raw_tx_to_hex(raw)
    try:
        return PartialTransaction.from_raw_psbt(raw)
    except BadHeaderMagic:
        if raw[:10] == b'EPTF\xff'.hex():
            raise SerializationError("Partial transactions generated with old Electrum versions "
                                     "(< 4.0) are no longer supported. Please upgrade Electrum on "
                                     "the other machine where this transaction was created.")
    try:
        tx = Transaction(raw)
        if deserialize:
            tx.deserialize()
        return tx
    except Exception as e:
        raise SerializationError(f"Failed to recognise tx encoding, or to parse transaction. "
                                 f"raw: {raw[:30]}...") from e


class PSBTGlobalType(IntEnum):
    UNSIGNED_TX = 0
    XPUB = 1
    VERSION = 0xFB


class PSBTInputType(IntEnum):
    NON_WITNESS_UTXO = 0
    WITNESS_UTXO = 1
    PARTIAL_SIG = 2
    SIGHASH_TYPE = 3
    REDEEM_SCRIPT = 4
    WITNESS_SCRIPT = 5
    BIP32_DERIVATION = 6
    FINAL_SCRIPTSIG = 7
    FINAL_SCRIPTWITNESS = 8
    TAP_KEY_SIG = 0x13
    TAP_MERKLE_ROOT = 0x18
    SLIP19_OWNERSHIP_PROOF = 0x19


class PSBTOutputType(IntEnum):
    REDEEM_SCRIPT = 0
    WITNESS_SCRIPT = 1
    BIP32_DERIVATION = 2


# Serialization/deserialization tools
def deser_compact_size(f) -> Optional[int]:
    # note: ~inverse of bitcoin.var_int
    try:
        nit = f.read(1)[0]
    except IndexError:
        return None     # end of file

    if nit == 253:
        nit = struct.unpack("<H", f.read(2))[0]
    elif nit == 254:
        nit = struct.unpack("<I", f.read(4))[0]
    elif nit == 255:
        nit = struct.unpack("<Q", f.read(8))[0]
    return nit


class PSBTSection:

    def _populate_psbt_fields_from_fd(self, fd=None):
        if not fd: return

        while True:
            try:
                key_type, key, val = self.get_next_kv_from_fd(fd)
            except StopIteration:
                break
            self.parse_psbt_section_kv(key_type, key, val)

    @classmethod
    def get_next_kv_from_fd(cls, fd) -> Tuple[int, bytes, bytes]:
        key_size = deser_compact_size(fd)
        if key_size == 0:
            raise StopIteration()
        if key_size is None:
            raise UnexpectedEndOfStream()

        full_key = fd.read(key_size)
        key_type, key = cls.get_keytype_and_key_from_fullkey(full_key)

        val_size = deser_compact_size(fd)
        if val_size is None: raise UnexpectedEndOfStream()
        val = fd.read(val_size)

        return key_type, key, val

    @classmethod
    def create_psbt_writer(cls, fd):
        def wr(key_type: int, val: bytes, key: bytes = b''):
            full_key = cls.get_fullkey_from_keytype_and_key(key_type, key)
            fd.write(var_int(len(full_key)))  # key_size
            fd.write(full_key)  # key
            fd.write(var_int(len(val)))  # val_size
            fd.write(val)  # val
        return wr

    @classmethod
    def get_keytype_and_key_from_fullkey(cls, full_key: bytes) -> Tuple[int, bytes]:
        with io.BytesIO(full_key) as key_stream:
            key_type = deser_compact_size(key_stream)
            if key_type is None: raise UnexpectedEndOfStream()
            key = key_stream.read()
        return key_type, key

    @classmethod
    def get_fullkey_from_keytype_and_key(cls, key_type: int, key: bytes) -> bytes:
        key_type_bytes = var_int(key_type)
        return key_type_bytes + key

    def _serialize_psbt_section(self, fd):
        wr = self.create_psbt_writer(fd)
        self.serialize_psbt_section_kvs(wr)
        fd.write(b'\x00')  # section-separator

    def parse_psbt_section_kv(self, kt: int, key: bytes, val: bytes) -> None:
        raise NotImplementedError()  # implemented by subclasses

    def serialize_psbt_section_kvs(self, wr) -> None:
        raise NotImplementedError()  # implemented by subclasses


class PartialTxInput(TxInput, PSBTSection):
    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        TxInput.__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)
        self._witness_utxo = None  # type: Optional[TxOutput]
        self.sigs_ecdsa = {}  # type: Dict[bytes, bytes]  # pubkey -> sig
        self.tap_key_sig = None  # type: Optional[bytes]  # sig for taproot key-path-spending
        self.sighash = None  # type: Optional[int]  # note: wrong abstraction level. should be per-signature
        self.bip32_paths = {}  # type: Dict[bytes, Tuple[bytes, Sequence[int]]]  # pubkey -> (xpub_fingerprint, path)
        self.redeem_script = None  # type: Optional[bytes]
        self.witness_script = None  # type: Optional[bytes]
        self.tap_merkle_root = None  # type: Optional[bytes]
        self.slip_19_ownership_proof = None  # type: Optional[bytes]
        self._unknown = {}  # type: Dict[bytes, bytes]

        self._script_descriptor = None  # type: Optional[Descriptor]
        self.is_mine = False  # type: bool  # whether the wallet considers the input to be ismine
        self._trusted_value_sats = None  # type: Optional[int]
        self._trusted_address = None  # type: Optional[str]
        self._is_p2sh_segwit = None  # type: Optional[bool]  # None means unknown
        self._is_native_segwit = None  # type: Optional[bool]  # None means unknown
        self.witness_sizehint = None  # type: Optional[int]  # byte size of serialized complete witness, for tx size est

    @property
    def witness_utxo(self):
        return self._witness_utxo

    @witness_utxo.setter
    def witness_utxo(self, value: Optional[TxOutput]):
        self.validate_data(witness_utxo=value)
        self._witness_utxo = value

    @property
    def pubkeys(self) -> Set[bytes]:
        if desc := self.script_descriptor:
            return desc.get_all_pubkeys()
        return set()

    @property
    def script_descriptor(self):
        return self._script_descriptor

    @script_descriptor.setter
    def script_descriptor(self, desc: Optional[Descriptor]):
        self._script_descriptor = desc
        if desc:
            if self.redeem_script is None:
                self.redeem_script = desc.expand().redeem_script
            if self.witness_script is None:
                self.witness_script = desc.expand().witness_script

    def to_json(self):
        d = super().to_json()
        d.update({
            'height': self.block_height,
            'value_sats': self.value_sats(),
            'address': self.address,
            'desc': self.script_descriptor.to_string() if self.script_descriptor else None,
            'utxo': str(self.utxo) if self.utxo else None,
            'witness_utxo': self.witness_utxo.serialize_to_network().hex() if self.witness_utxo else None,
            'sighash': self.sighash,
            'redeem_script': self.redeem_script.hex() if self.redeem_script else None,
            'witness_script': self.witness_script.hex() if self.witness_script else None,
            'sigs_ecdsa': {pubkey.hex(): sig.hex() for pubkey, sig in self.sigs_ecdsa.items()},
            'tap_key_sig': self.tap_key_sig.hex() if self.tap_key_sig else None,
            'tap_merkle_root': self.tap_merkle_root.hex() if self.tap_merkle_root else None,
            'bip32_paths': {pubkey.hex(): (xfp.hex(), bip32.convert_bip32_intpath_to_strpath(path))
                            for pubkey, (xfp, path) in self.bip32_paths.items()},
            'slip_19_ownership_proof': self.slip_19_ownership_proof.hex() if self.slip_19_ownership_proof else None,
            'unknown_psbt_fields': {key.hex(): val.hex() for key, val in self._unknown.items()},
        })
        return d

    @classmethod
    def from_txin(cls, txin: TxInput, *, strip_witness: bool = True) -> 'PartialTxInput':
        # FIXME: if strip_witness is True, res.is_segwit() will return False,
        # and res.estimated_size() will return an incorrect value. These methods
        # will return the correct values after we call add_input_info(). (see dscancel and bump_fee)
        # This is very fragile: the value returned by estimate_size() depends on the calling order.
        res = PartialTxInput(prevout=txin.prevout,
                             script_sig=None if strip_witness else txin.script_sig,
                             nsequence=txin.nsequence,
                             witness=None if strip_witness else txin.witness,
                             is_coinbase_output=txin.is_coinbase_output())
        res.utxo = txin.utxo
        return res

    def validate_data(
        self,
        *,
        for_signing=False,
        # allow passing provisional fields for 'self', before setting them:
        utxo: Optional[Transaction] = None,
        witness_utxo: Optional[TxOutput] = None,
    ) -> None:
        utxo = utxo or self.utxo
        witness_utxo = witness_utxo or self.witness_utxo
        if utxo:
            if self.prevout.txid.hex() != utxo.txid():
                raise PSBTInputConsistencyFailure(f"PSBT input validation: "
                                                  f"If a non-witness UTXO is provided, its hash must match the hash specified in the prevout")
            if witness_utxo:
                if utxo.outputs()[self.prevout.out_idx] != witness_utxo:
                    raise PSBTInputConsistencyFailure(f"PSBT input validation: "
                                                      f"If both non-witness UTXO and witness UTXO are provided, they must be consistent")
        # The following test is disabled, so we are willing to sign non-segwit inputs
        # without verifying the input amount. This means, given a maliciously modified PSBT,
        # for non-segwit inputs, we might end up burning coins as miner fees.
        if for_signing and False:
            if not self.is_segwit() and witness_utxo:
                raise PSBTInputConsistencyFailure(f"PSBT input validation: "
                                                  f"If a witness UTXO is provided, no non-witness signature may be created")
        if self.redeem_script and self.address:
            addr = hash160_to_p2sh(hash_160(self.redeem_script))
            if self.address != addr:
                raise PSBTInputConsistencyFailure(f"PSBT input validation: "
                                                  f"If a redeemScript is provided, the scriptPubKey must be for that redeemScript")
        if self.witness_script:
            if self.redeem_script:
                if self.redeem_script != bitcoin.p2wsh_nested_script(self.witness_script):
                    raise PSBTInputConsistencyFailure(f"PSBT input validation: "
                                                      f"If a witnessScript is provided, the redeemScript must be for that witnessScript")
            elif self.address:
                if self.address != bitcoin.script_to_p2wsh(self.witness_script):
                    raise PSBTInputConsistencyFailure(f"PSBT input validation: "
                                                      f"If a witnessScript is provided, the scriptPubKey must be for that witnessScript")

    def parse_psbt_section_kv(self, kt, key, val):
        try:
            kt = PSBTInputType(kt)
        except ValueError:
            pass  # unknown type
        if DEBUG_PSBT_PARSING: print(f"{repr(kt)} {key.hex()} {val.hex()}")
        if kt == PSBTInputType.NON_WITNESS_UTXO:
            if self.utxo is not None:
                raise SerializationError(f"duplicate key: {repr(kt)}")
            self.utxo = Transaction(val)
            self.utxo.deserialize()
            if key: raise SerializationError(f"key for {repr(kt)} must be empty")
        elif kt == PSBTInputType.WITNESS_UTXO:
            if self.witness_utxo is not None:
                raise SerializationError(f"duplicate key: {repr(kt)}")
            self.witness_utxo = TxOutput.from_network_bytes(val)
            if key: raise SerializationError(f"key for {repr(kt)} must be empty")
        elif kt == PSBTInputType.PARTIAL_SIG:
            if key in self.sigs_ecdsa:
                raise SerializationError(f"duplicate key: {repr(kt)}")
            if len(key) not in (33, 65):
                raise SerializationError(f"key for {repr(kt)} has unexpected length: {len(key)}")
            self.sigs_ecdsa[key] = val
        elif kt == PSBTInputType.TAP_KEY_SIG:
            if self.tap_key_sig is not None:
                raise SerializationError(f"duplicate key: {repr(kt)}")
            if len(val) not in (64, 65):
                raise SerializationError(f"value for {repr(kt)} has unexpected length: {len(val)}")
            self.tap_key_sig = val
            if key: raise SerializationError(f"key for {repr(kt)} must be empty")
        elif kt == PSBTInputType.TAP_MERKLE_ROOT:
            if self.tap_merkle_root is not None:
                raise SerializationError(f"duplicate key: {repr(kt)}")
            if len(val) != 32:
                raise SerializationError(f"value for {repr(kt)} has unexpected length: {len(val)}")
            self.tap_merkle_root = val
            if key: raise SerializationError(f"key for {repr(kt)} must be empty")
        elif kt == PSBTInputType.SIGHASH_TYPE:
            if self.sighash is not None:
                raise SerializationError(f"duplicate key: {repr(kt)}")
            if len(val) != 4:
                raise SerializationError(f"value for {repr(kt)} has unexpected length: {len(val)}")
            self.sighash = struct.unpack("<I", val)[0]
            if key: raise SerializationError(f"key for {repr(kt)} must be empty")
        elif kt == PSBTInputType.BIP32_DERIVATION:
            if key in self.bip32_paths:
                raise SerializationError(f"duplicate key: {repr(kt)}")
            if len(key) not in (33, 65):
                raise SerializationError(f"key for {repr(kt)} has unexpected length: {len(key)}")
            self.bip32_paths[key] = unpack_bip32_root_fingerprint_and_int_path(val)
        elif kt == PSBTInputType.REDEEM_SCRIPT:
            if self.redeem_script is not None:
                raise SerializationError(f"duplicate key: {repr(kt)}")
            self.redeem_script = val
            if key: raise SerializationError(f"key for {repr(kt)} must be empty")
        elif kt == PSBTInputType.WITNESS_SCRIPT:
            if self.witness_script is not None:
                raise SerializationError(f"duplicate key: {repr(kt)}")
            self.witness_script = val
            if key: raise SerializationError(f"key for {repr(kt)} must be empty")
        elif kt == PSBTInputType.FINAL_SCRIPTSIG:
            if self.script_sig is not None:
                raise SerializationError(f"duplicate key: {repr(kt)}")
            self.script_sig = val
            if key: raise SerializationError(f"key for {repr(kt)} must be empty")
        elif kt == PSBTInputType.FINAL_SCRIPTWITNESS:
            if self.witness is not None:
                raise SerializationError(f"duplicate key: {repr(kt)}")
            self.witness = val
            if key: raise SerializationError(f"key for {repr(kt)} must be empty")
        elif kt == PSBTInputType.SLIP19_OWNERSHIP_PROOF:
            if self.slip_19_ownership_proof is not None:
                raise SerializationError(f"duplicate key: {repr(kt)}")
            self.slip_19_ownership_proof = val
            if key: raise SerializationError(f"key for {repr(kt)} must be empty")
        else:
            full_key = self.get_fullkey_from_keytype_and_key(kt, key)
            if full_key in self._unknown:
                raise SerializationError(f'duplicate key. PSBT input key for unknown type: {full_key}')
            self._unknown[full_key] = val

    def serialize_psbt_section_kvs(self, wr):
        if self.witness_utxo:
            wr(PSBTInputType.WITNESS_UTXO, self.witness_utxo.serialize_to_network())
        if self.utxo:
            wr(PSBTInputType.NON_WITNESS_UTXO, bfh(self.utxo.serialize_to_network(include_sigs=True)))
        for pk, val in sorted(self.sigs_ecdsa.items()):
            wr(PSBTInputType.PARTIAL_SIG, val, pk)
        if self.tap_key_sig is not None:
            wr(PSBTInputType.TAP_KEY_SIG, self.tap_key_sig)
        if self.tap_merkle_root is not None:
            wr(PSBTInputType.TAP_MERKLE_ROOT, self.tap_merkle_root)
        if self.sighash is not None:
            wr(PSBTInputType.SIGHASH_TYPE, struct.pack('<I', self.sighash))
        if self.redeem_script is not None:
            wr(PSBTInputType.REDEEM_SCRIPT, self.redeem_script)
        if self.witness_script is not None:
            wr(PSBTInputType.WITNESS_SCRIPT, self.witness_script)
        for k in sorted(self.bip32_paths):
            packed_path = pack_bip32_root_fingerprint_and_int_path(*self.bip32_paths[k])
            wr(PSBTInputType.BIP32_DERIVATION, packed_path, k)
        if self.script_sig is not None:
            wr(PSBTInputType.FINAL_SCRIPTSIG, self.script_sig)
        if self.witness is not None:
            wr(PSBTInputType.FINAL_SCRIPTWITNESS, self.witness)
        if self.slip_19_ownership_proof:
            wr(PSBTInputType.SLIP19_OWNERSHIP_PROOF, self.slip_19_ownership_proof)
        for full_key, val in sorted(self._unknown.items()):
            key_type, key = self.get_keytype_and_key_from_fullkey(full_key)
            wr(key_type, val, key=key)

    def value_sats(self) -> Optional[int]:
        if (val := super().value_sats()) is not None:
            return val
        if self._trusted_value_sats is not None:
            return self._trusted_value_sats
        if self.witness_utxo:
            return self.witness_utxo.value
        return None

    @property
    def address(self) -> Optional[str]:
        if (addr := super().address) is not None:
            return addr
        if self._trusted_address is not None:
            return self._trusted_address
        if self.witness_utxo:
            return self.witness_utxo.address
        return None

    @property
    def scriptpubkey(self) -> Optional[bytes]:
        if (spk := super().scriptpubkey) is not None:
            return spk
        if self._trusted_address is not None:
            return bitcoin.address_to_script(self._trusted_address)
        if self.witness_utxo:
            return self.witness_utxo.scriptpubkey
        return None

    def is_complete(self) -> bool:
        if self.script_sig is not None and self.witness is not None:
            return True
        if self.is_coinbase_input():
            return True
        if self.script_sig is not None and not self.is_segwit():
            return True
        if desc := self.script_descriptor:
            try:
                desc.satisfy(allow_dummy=False, sigdata=self.sigs_ecdsa)
            except MissingSolutionPiece:
                pass
            else:
                return True
        return False

    def get_satisfaction_progress(self) -> Tuple[int, int]:
        if desc := self.script_descriptor:
            return desc.get_satisfaction_progress(sigdata=self.sigs_ecdsa)
        return 0, 0

    def finalize(self) -> None:
        def clear_fields_when_finalized():
            # BIP-174: "All other data except the UTXO and unknown fields in the
            #           input key-value map should be cleared from the PSBT"
            self.sigs_ecdsa = {}
            self.tap_key_sig = None
            self.tap_merkle_root = None
            self.sighash = None
            self.bip32_paths = {}
            self.redeem_script = None
            # FIXME: side effect interferes with make_witness
            # self.witness_script = None

        if self.script_sig is not None and self.witness is not None:
            clear_fields_when_finalized()
            return  # already finalized
        if self.is_complete():
            self.script_sig = Transaction.input_script(self)
            self.witness = Transaction.serialize_witness(self)
            clear_fields_when_finalized()

    def combine_with_other_txin(self, other_txin: 'TxInput') -> None:
        assert self.prevout == other_txin.prevout
        if other_txin.script_sig is not None:
            self.script_sig = other_txin.script_sig
        if other_txin.witness is not None:
            self.witness = other_txin.witness
        if isinstance(other_txin, PartialTxInput):
            if other_txin.witness_utxo:
                self.witness_utxo = other_txin.witness_utxo
            if other_txin.utxo:
                self.utxo = other_txin.utxo
            self.sigs_ecdsa.update(other_txin.sigs_ecdsa)
            if other_txin.sighash is not None:
                self.sighash = other_txin.sighash
            if other_txin.tap_key_sig is not None:
                self.tap_key_sig = other_txin.tap_key_sig
            if other_txin.tap_merkle_root is not None:
                self.tap_merkle_root = other_txin.tap_merkle_root
            self.bip32_paths.update(other_txin.bip32_paths)
            if other_txin.redeem_script is not None:
                self.redeem_script = other_txin.redeem_script
            if other_txin.witness_script is not None:
                self.witness_script = other_txin.witness_script
            self._unknown.update(other_txin._unknown)
        self.validate_data()
        # try to finalize now
        self.finalize()

    def convert_utxo_to_witness_utxo(self) -> None:
        if self.utxo:
            self._witness_utxo = self.utxo.outputs()[self.prevout.out_idx]
            self._utxo = None  # type: Optional[Transaction]

    def is_native_segwit(self) -> Optional[bool]:
        """Whether this input is native segwit (any witness version). None means inconclusive."""
        if self._is_native_segwit is None:
            if self.address:
                self._is_native_segwit = bitcoin.is_segwit_address(self.address)
        return self._is_native_segwit

    def is_p2sh_segwit(self) -> Optional[bool]:
        """Whether this input is p2sh-embedded-segwit. None means inconclusive."""
        if self._is_p2sh_segwit is None:
            def calc_if_p2sh_segwit_now():
                if not (self.address and self.redeem_script):
                    return None
                if self.address != bitcoin.hash160_to_p2sh(hash_160(self.redeem_script)):
                    # not p2sh address
                    return False
                try:
                    decoded = [x for x in script_GetOp(self.redeem_script)]
                except MalformedBitcoinScript:
                    decoded = None
                # witness version 0
                if match_script_against_template(decoded, SCRIPTPUBKEY_TEMPLATE_WITNESS_V0):
                    return True
                # witness version 1-16
                future_witness_versions = list(range(opcodes.OP_1, opcodes.OP_16 + 1))
                for witver, opcode in enumerate(future_witness_versions, start=1):
                    match = [opcode, OPPushDataGeneric(lambda x: 2 <= x <= 40)]
                    if match_script_against_template(decoded, match):
                        return True
                return False

            self._is_p2sh_segwit = calc_if_p2sh_segwit_now()
        return self._is_p2sh_segwit

    def is_segwit(self, *, guess_for_address=False) -> bool:
        """Whether this input is segwit (any witness version)."""
        if super().is_segwit():
            return True
        if self.is_native_segwit() or self.is_p2sh_segwit():
            return True
        if self.is_native_segwit() is False and self.is_p2sh_segwit() is False:
            return False
        if self.witness_script:
            return True
        if desc := self.script_descriptor:
            return desc.is_segwit()
        if guess_for_address:
            dummy_desc = create_dummy_descriptor_from_address(self.address)
            return dummy_desc.is_segwit()
        return False  # can be false-negative

    def is_taproot(self) -> Optional[bool]:
        if (is_taproot := super().is_taproot()) is not None:
            return is_taproot
        if desc := self.script_descriptor:
            return desc.is_taproot()
        return None

    def already_has_some_signatures(self) -> bool:
        """Returns whether progress has been made towards completing this input."""
        return (self.sigs_ecdsa
                or self.tap_key_sig is not None
                or self.script_sig is not None
                or self.witness is not None)

    def get_scriptcode_for_sighash(self) -> bytes:
        """Constructs the scriptcode part of the preimage for OP_CHECKSIG,
        for a partial txin, to create a new signature.

        Note: the base impl works by mimicking a consensus-verifier and extracting
              the required fields from the already complete witness/scriptSig
              and the scriptpubkey of the funding utxo.
              In contrast, here we are the one constructing a spending txin,
              and can have knowledge beyond what will be revealed onchain.
        """
        if self.witness_script:
            if opcodes.OP_CODESEPARATOR in [x[0] for x in script_GetOp(self.witness_script)]:
                raise Exception('OP_CODESEPARATOR black magic is not supported')
            return self.witness_script
        if not self.is_segwit() and self.redeem_script:
            if opcodes.OP_CODESEPARATOR in [x[0] for x in script_GetOp(self.redeem_script)]:
                raise Exception('OP_CODESEPARATOR black magic is not supported')
            return self.redeem_script

        if desc := self.script_descriptor:
            sc = desc.expand()
            if script := sc.scriptcode_for_sighash:
                return script
            raise Exception(f"don't know scriptcode for descriptor: {desc.to_string()}")

        raise UnknownTxinType(f'cannot construct preimage_script')


class PartialTxOutput(TxOutput, PSBTSection):
    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        TxOutput.__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)
        self.redeem_script = None  # type: Optional[bytes]
        self.witness_script = None  # type: Optional[bytes]
        self.bip32_paths = {}  # type: Dict[bytes, Tuple[bytes, Sequence[int]]]  # pubkey -> (xpub_fingerprint, path)
        self._unknown = {}  # type: Dict[bytes, bytes]

        self._script_descriptor = None  # type: Optional[Descriptor]
        self.is_mine = False  # type: bool  # whether the wallet considers the output to be ismine
        self.is_change = False  # type: bool  # whether the wallet considers the output to be change
        self.is_utxo_reserve = False  # type: bool  # whether this is a change output added to satisfy anchor channel requirements

    @property
    def pubkeys(self) -> Set[bytes]:
        if desc := self.script_descriptor:
            return desc.get_all_pubkeys()
        return set()

    @property
    def script_descriptor(self):
        return self._script_descriptor

    @script_descriptor.setter
    def script_descriptor(self, desc: Optional[Descriptor]):
        self._script_descriptor = desc
        if desc:
            if self.redeem_script is None:
                self.redeem_script = desc.expand().redeem_script
            if self.witness_script is None:
                self.witness_script = desc.expand().witness_script

    def to_json(self):
        d = super().to_json()
        d.update({
            'desc': self.script_descriptor.to_string() if self.script_descriptor else None,
            'redeem_script': self.redeem_script.hex() if self.redeem_script else None,
            'witness_script': self.witness_script.hex() if self.witness_script else None,
            'bip32_paths': {pubkey.hex(): (xfp.hex(), bip32.convert_bip32_intpath_to_strpath(path))
                            for pubkey, (xfp, path) in self.bip32_paths.items()},
            'unknown_psbt_fields': {key.hex(): val.hex() for key, val in self._unknown.items()},
        })
        return d

    @classmethod
    def from_txout(cls, txout: TxOutput) -> 'PartialTxOutput':
        res = PartialTxOutput(scriptpubkey=txout.scriptpubkey,
                              value=txout.value)
        return res

    def parse_psbt_section_kv(self, kt, key, val):
        try:
            kt = PSBTOutputType(kt)
        except ValueError:
            pass  # unknown type
        if DEBUG_PSBT_PARSING: print(f"{repr(kt)} {key.hex()} {val.hex()}")
        if kt == PSBTOutputType.REDEEM_SCRIPT:
            if self.redeem_script is not None:
                raise SerializationError(f"duplicate key: {repr(kt)}")
            self.redeem_script = val
            if key: raise SerializationError(f"key for {repr(kt)} must be empty")
        elif kt == PSBTOutputType.WITNESS_SCRIPT:
            if self.witness_script is not None:
                raise SerializationError(f"duplicate key: {repr(kt)}")
            self.witness_script = val
            if key: raise SerializationError(f"key for {repr(kt)} must be empty")
        elif kt == PSBTOutputType.BIP32_DERIVATION:
            if key in self.bip32_paths:
                raise SerializationError(f"duplicate key: {repr(kt)}")
            if len(key) not in (33, 65):
                raise SerializationError(f"key for {repr(kt)} has unexpected length: {len(key)}")
            self.bip32_paths[key] = unpack_bip32_root_fingerprint_and_int_path(val)
        else:
            full_key = self.get_fullkey_from_keytype_and_key(kt, key)
            if full_key in self._unknown:
                raise SerializationError(f'duplicate key. PSBT output key for unknown type: {full_key}')
            self._unknown[full_key] = val

    def serialize_psbt_section_kvs(self, wr):
        if self.redeem_script is not None:
            wr(PSBTOutputType.REDEEM_SCRIPT, self.redeem_script)
        if self.witness_script is not None:
            wr(PSBTOutputType.WITNESS_SCRIPT, self.witness_script)
        for k in sorted(self.bip32_paths):
            packed_path = pack_bip32_root_fingerprint_and_int_path(*self.bip32_paths[k])
            wr(PSBTOutputType.BIP32_DERIVATION, packed_path, k)
        for full_key, val in sorted(self._unknown.items()):
            key_type, key = self.get_keytype_and_key_from_fullkey(full_key)
            wr(key_type, val, key=key)

    def combine_with_other_txout(self, other_txout: 'TxOutput') -> None:
        assert self.scriptpubkey == other_txout.scriptpubkey
        if not isinstance(other_txout, PartialTxOutput):
            return
        if other_txout.redeem_script is not None:
            self.redeem_script = other_txout.redeem_script
        if other_txout.witness_script is not None:
            self.witness_script = other_txout.witness_script
        self.bip32_paths.update(other_txout.bip32_paths)
        self._unknown.update(other_txout._unknown)


class PartialTransaction(Transaction):

    def __init__(self):
        Transaction.__init__(self, None)
        self.xpubs = {}  # type: Dict[BIP32Node, Tuple[bytes, Sequence[int]]]  # intermediate bip32node -> (xfp, der_prefix)
        self._inputs = []  # type: List[PartialTxInput]
        self._outputs = []  # type: List[PartialTxOutput]
        self._unknown = {}  # type: Dict[bytes, bytes]
        self.rbf_merge_txid = None

    def to_json(self) -> dict:
        d = super().to_json()
        d.update({
            'xpubs': {bip32node.to_xpub(): (xfp.hex(), bip32.convert_bip32_intpath_to_strpath(path))
                      for bip32node, (xfp, path) in self.xpubs.items()},
            'unknown_psbt_fields': {key.hex(): val.hex() for key, val in self._unknown.items()},
        })
        return d

    @classmethod
    def from_tx(cls, tx: Transaction, *, strip_witness: bool = True) -> 'PartialTransaction':
        assert tx
        res = cls()
        res._inputs = [PartialTxInput.from_txin(txin, strip_witness=strip_witness)
                       for txin in tx.inputs()]
        res._outputs = [PartialTxOutput.from_txout(txout) for txout in tx.outputs()]
        res.version = tx.version
        res.locktime = tx.locktime
        return res

    @classmethod
    def from_raw_psbt(cls, raw) -> 'PartialTransaction':
        # auto-detect and decode Base64 and Hex.
        if raw[0:10].lower() in (b'70736274ff', '70736274ff'):  # hex
            raw = bytes.fromhex(raw)
        elif raw[0:6] in (b'cHNidP', 'cHNidP'):  # base64
            raw = base64.b64decode(raw, validate=True)
        if not isinstance(raw, (bytes, bytearray)) or raw[0:5] != b'psbt\xff':
            raise BadHeaderMagic("bad magic")

        tx = None  # type: Optional[PartialTransaction]

        # We parse the raw stream twice. The first pass is used to find the
        # PSBT_GLOBAL_UNSIGNED_TX key in the global section and set 'tx'.
        # The second pass does everything else.
        with io.BytesIO(raw[5:]) as fd:  # parsing "first pass"
            while True:
                try:
                    kt, key, val = PSBTSection.get_next_kv_from_fd(fd)
                except StopIteration:
                    break
                try:
                    kt = PSBTGlobalType(kt)
                except ValueError:
                    pass  # unknown type
                if kt == PSBTGlobalType.UNSIGNED_TX:
                    if tx is not None:
                        raise SerializationError(f"duplicate key: {repr(kt)}")
                    if key:
                        raise SerializationError(f"key for {repr(kt)} must be empty")
                    unsigned_tx = Transaction(val.hex())
                    for txin in unsigned_tx.inputs():
                        if txin.script_sig or txin.witness:
                            raise SerializationError(f"PSBT {repr(kt)} must have empty scriptSigs and witnesses")
                    tx = PartialTransaction.from_tx(unsigned_tx)

        if tx is None:
            raise SerializationError(f"PSBT missing required global section PSBT_GLOBAL_UNSIGNED_TX")

        with io.BytesIO(raw[5:]) as fd:  # parsing "second pass"
            # global section
            while True:
                try:
                    kt, key, val = PSBTSection.get_next_kv_from_fd(fd)
                except StopIteration:
                    break
                try:
                    kt = PSBTGlobalType(kt)
                except ValueError:
                    pass  # unknown type
                if DEBUG_PSBT_PARSING: print(f"{repr(kt)} {key.hex()} {val.hex()}")
                if kt == PSBTGlobalType.UNSIGNED_TX:
                    pass  # already handled during "first" parsing pass
                elif kt == PSBTGlobalType.XPUB:
                    bip32node = BIP32Node.from_bytes(key)
                    if bip32node in tx.xpubs:
                        raise SerializationError(f"duplicate key: {repr(kt)}")
                    xfp, path = unpack_bip32_root_fingerprint_and_int_path(val)
                    if bip32node.depth != len(path):
                        raise SerializationError(f"PSBT global xpub has mismatching depth ({bip32node.depth}) "
                                                 f"and derivation prefix len ({len(path)})")
                    child_number_of_xpub = int.from_bytes(bip32node.child_number, 'big')
                    if not ((bip32node.depth == 0 and child_number_of_xpub == 0)
                            or (bip32node.depth != 0 and child_number_of_xpub == path[-1])):
                        raise SerializationError(f"PSBT global xpub has inconsistent child_number and derivation prefix")
                    tx.xpubs[bip32node] = xfp, path
                elif kt == PSBTGlobalType.VERSION:
                    if len(val) > 4:
                        raise SerializationError(f"value for {repr(kt)} has unexpected length: {len(val)} > 4")
                    psbt_version = int.from_bytes(val, byteorder='little', signed=False)
                    if psbt_version > 0:
                        raise SerializationError(f"Only PSBTs with version 0 are supported. Found version: {psbt_version}")
                    if key:
                        raise SerializationError(f"key for {repr(kt)} must be empty")
                else:
                    full_key = PSBTSection.get_fullkey_from_keytype_and_key(kt, key)
                    if full_key in tx._unknown:
                        raise SerializationError(f'duplicate key. PSBT global key for unknown type: {full_key}')
                    tx._unknown[full_key] = val
            try:
                # inputs sections
                for txin in tx.inputs():
                    if DEBUG_PSBT_PARSING: print("-> new input starts")
                    txin._populate_psbt_fields_from_fd(fd)
                # outputs sections
                for txout in tx.outputs():
                    if DEBUG_PSBT_PARSING: print("-> new output starts")
                    txout._populate_psbt_fields_from_fd(fd)
            except UnexpectedEndOfStream:
                raise UnexpectedEndOfStream('Unexpected end of stream. Num input and output maps provided does not match unsigned tx.') from None

            if fd.read(1) != b'':
                raise SerializationError("extra junk at the end of PSBT")

        for txin in tx.inputs():
            txin.validate_data()

        return tx

    def requires_keystore(self):
        """
        Returns True if signing will require private keys from the keystore
        Called by txbatcher in order to know if a password is needed
        """
        return not all(hasattr(txin, 'make_witness') for txin in self.inputs())

    @classmethod
    def from_io(
            cls,
            inputs: Sequence[PartialTxInput],
            outputs: Sequence[PartialTxOutput],
            *,
            locktime: int = None,
            version: int = None,
            BIP69_sort: bool = True
    ) -> 'PartialTransaction':
        self = cls()
        self._inputs = list(inputs)
        self._outputs = list(outputs)
        if locktime is not None:
            self.locktime = locktime
        if version is not None:
            self.version = version
        if BIP69_sort:
            self.BIP69_sort()
        return self

    def _serialize_psbt(self, fd) -> None:
        wr = PSBTSection.create_psbt_writer(fd)
        fd.write(b'psbt\xff')
        # global section
        wr(PSBTGlobalType.UNSIGNED_TX, bfh(self.serialize_to_network(include_sigs=False)))
        for bip32node, (xfp, path) in sorted(self.xpubs.items()):
            val = pack_bip32_root_fingerprint_and_int_path(xfp, path)
            wr(PSBTGlobalType.XPUB, val, key=bip32node.to_bytes())
        for full_key, val in sorted(self._unknown.items()):
            key_type, key = PSBTSection.get_keytype_and_key_from_fullkey(full_key)
            wr(key_type, val, key=key)
        fd.write(b'\x00')  # section-separator
        # input sections
        for inp in self._inputs:
            inp._serialize_psbt_section(fd)
        # output sections
        for outp in self._outputs:
            outp._serialize_psbt_section(fd)

    def finalize_psbt(self) -> None:
        for txin in self.inputs():
            txin.finalize()

    def combine_with_other_psbt(self, other_tx: 'Transaction') -> None:
        """Pulls in all data from other_tx we don't yet have (e.g. signatures).
        other_tx must be concerning the same unsigned tx.
        """
        if self.serialize_to_network(include_sigs=False) != other_tx.serialize_to_network(include_sigs=False):
            raise Exception('A Combiner must not combine two different PSBTs.')
        # BIP-174: "The resulting PSBT must contain all of the key-value pairs from each of the PSBTs.
        #           The Combiner must remove any duplicate key-value pairs, in accordance with the specification."
        # global section
        if isinstance(other_tx, PartialTransaction):
            self.xpubs.update(other_tx.xpubs)
            self._unknown.update(other_tx._unknown)
        # input sections
        for txin, other_txin in zip(self.inputs(), other_tx.inputs()):
            txin.combine_with_other_txin(other_txin)
        # output sections
        for txout, other_txout in zip(self.outputs(), other_tx.outputs()):
            txout.combine_with_other_txout(other_txout)
        self.invalidate_ser_cache()

    def join_with_other_psbt(self, other_tx: 'PartialTransaction', *, config: 'SimpleConfig') -> None:
        """Adds inputs and outputs from other_tx into this one."""
        if not isinstance(other_tx, PartialTransaction):
            raise Exception('Can only join partial transactions.')
        # make sure there are no duplicate prevouts
        prevouts = set()
        for txin in itertools.chain(self.inputs(), other_tx.inputs()):
            prevout_str = txin.prevout.to_str()
            if prevout_str in prevouts:
                raise Exception(f"Duplicate inputs! "
                                f"Transactions that spend the same prevout cannot be joined.")
            prevouts.add(prevout_str)
        # copy global PSBT section
        self.xpubs.update(other_tx.xpubs)
        self._unknown.update(other_tx._unknown)
        # copy and add inputs and outputs
        self.add_inputs(list(other_tx.inputs()))
        self.add_outputs(list(other_tx.outputs()), merge_duplicates=config.WALLET_MERGE_DUPLICATE_OUTPUTS)
        self.remove_signatures()
        self.invalidate_ser_cache()

    def inputs(self) -> Sequence[PartialTxInput]:
        return self._inputs

    def outputs(self) -> Sequence[PartialTxOutput]:
        return self._outputs

    def add_inputs(self, inputs: List[PartialTxInput], BIP69_sort=True) -> None:
        self._inputs.extend(inputs)
        if BIP69_sort:
            self.BIP69_sort(outputs=False)
        self.invalidate_ser_cache()

    def add_outputs(self, outputs: List[PartialTxOutput], *, merge_duplicates: bool = False, BIP69_sort: bool = True) -> None:
        self._outputs.extend(outputs)
        if merge_duplicates:
            self._outputs = merge_duplicate_tx_outputs(self._outputs)
        if BIP69_sort:
            self.BIP69_sort(inputs=False)
        self.invalidate_ser_cache()

    def set_rbf(self, rbf: bool) -> None:
        nSequence = 0xffffffff - (2 if rbf else 1)
        for txin in self.inputs():
            txin.nsequence = nSequence
        self.invalidate_ser_cache()

    def BIP69_sort(self, inputs=True, outputs=True):
        # NOTE: other parts of the code rely on these sorts being *stable* sorts
        if inputs:
            self._inputs.sort(key = lambda i: (i.prevout.txid, i.prevout.out_idx))
        if outputs:
            self._outputs.sort(key = lambda o: (o.value, o.scriptpubkey))
        self.invalidate_ser_cache()

    def sign(self, keypairs: Mapping[bytes, bytes]) -> None:
        # keypairs:  pubkey_bytes -> secret_bytes
        sighash_cache = SighashCache()
        for i, txin in enumerate(self.inputs()):
            for pubkey in txin.pubkeys:
                if txin.is_complete():
                    break
                if pubkey not in keypairs:
                    continue
                _logger.info(f"adding signature for {pubkey.hex()}. spending utxo {txin.prevout.to_str()}")
                sec = keypairs[pubkey]
                sig = self.sign_txin(i, sec, sighash_cache=sighash_cache)
                self.add_signature_to_txin(txin_idx=i, signing_pubkey=pubkey, sig=sig)

        _logger.debug(f"tx.sign() finished. is_complete={self.is_complete()}")
        self.invalidate_ser_cache()

    def sign_txin(
        self,
        txin_index: int,
        privkey_bytes: bytes,
        *,
        sighash_cache: SighashCache = None,
    ) -> bytes:
        txin = self.inputs()[txin_index]
        txin.validate_data(for_signing=True)
        pre_hash = self.serialize_preimage(txin_index, sighash_cache=sighash_cache)
        if txin.is_taproot():
            # note: privkey_bytes is the internal key
            merkle_root = txin.tap_merkle_root or bytes()
            output_privkey_bytes = taproot_tweak_seckey(privkey_bytes, merkle_root)
            output_privkey = ecc.ECPrivkey(output_privkey_bytes)
            msg_hash = bip340_tagged_hash(b"TapSighash", pre_hash)
            sig = output_privkey.schnorr_sign(msg_hash)
            sighash = txin.sighash if txin.sighash is not None else Sighash.DEFAULT
        else:
            privkey = ecc.ECPrivkey(privkey_bytes)
            msg_hash = sha256d(pre_hash)
            sig = privkey.ecdsa_sign(msg_hash, sigencode=ecc.ecdsa_der_sig_from_r_and_s)
            sighash = txin.sighash if txin.sighash is not None else Sighash.ALL
        return sig + Sighash.to_sigbytes(sighash)

    def is_complete(self) -> bool:
        return all([txin.is_complete() for txin in self.inputs()])

    def signature_count(self) -> Tuple[int, int]:
        nhave, nreq = 0, 0
        for txin in self.inputs():
            a, b = txin.get_satisfaction_progress()
            nhave += a
            nreq += b
        return nhave, nreq

    def serialize(self) -> str:
        """Returns PSBT as base64 text, or raw hex of network tx (if complete)."""
        self.finalize_psbt()  # FIXME this side-effects self
        if self.is_complete():
            return Transaction.serialize(self)
        return self._serialize_as_base64()

    def serialize_as_bytes(self, *, force_psbt: bool = False) -> bytes:
        """Returns PSBT as raw bytes, or raw bytes of network tx (if complete)."""
        self.finalize_psbt()  # FIXME this side-effects self
        if force_psbt or not self.is_complete():
            with io.BytesIO() as fd:
                self._serialize_psbt(fd)
                return fd.getvalue()
        else:
            return Transaction.serialize_as_bytes(self)

    def _serialize_as_base64(self) -> str:
        raw_bytes = self.serialize_as_bytes()
        return base64.b64encode(raw_bytes).decode('ascii')

    def update_signatures(self, signatures: Sequence[Union[bytes, None]]) -> None:
        """Add new signatures to a transaction

        `signatures` is expected to be a list of sigs with signatures[i]
        intended for self._inputs[i].
        This is used by the Trezor, KeepKey and Safe-T plugins.
        """
        if self.is_complete():
            return
        if len(self.inputs()) != len(signatures):
            raise Exception('expected {} signatures; got {}'.format(len(self.inputs()), len(signatures)))
        for i, txin in enumerate(self.inputs()):
            sig = signatures[i]
            if sig is None:
                continue
            if sig in list(txin.sigs_ecdsa.values()):
                continue
            msg_hash = sha256d(self.serialize_preimage(i))
            sig64 = ecc.ecdsa_sig64_from_der_sig(sig[:-1])
            for recid in range(4):
                try:
                    public_key = ecc.ECPubkey.from_ecdsa_sig64(sig64, recid, msg_hash)
                except ecc.InvalidECPointException:
                    # the point might not be on the curve for some recid values
                    continue
                pubkey_bytes = public_key.get_public_key_bytes(compressed=True)
                if pubkey_bytes in txin.pubkeys:
                    if not public_key.ecdsa_verify(sig64, msg_hash):
                        continue
                    _logger.info(f"adding sig: txin_idx={i}, signing_pubkey={pubkey_bytes.hex()}, sig={sig.hex()}")
                    self.add_signature_to_txin(txin_idx=i, signing_pubkey=pubkey_bytes, sig=sig)
                    break
        # redo raw
        self.invalidate_ser_cache()

    def add_signature_to_txin(self, *, txin_idx: int, signing_pubkey: bytes, sig: bytes) -> None:
        txin = self._inputs[txin_idx]
        txin.sigs_ecdsa[signing_pubkey] = sig
        # force re-serialization
        txin.script_sig = None
        txin.witness = None
        self.invalidate_ser_cache()

    def add_info_from_wallet(
            self,
            wallet: 'Abstract_Wallet',
            *,
            include_xpubs: bool = False,
    ) -> None:
        if self.is_complete():
            return
        # only include xpubs for multisig wallets; currently only they need it in practice
        # note: coldcard fw have a limitation that if they are included then all
        #       inputs are assumed to be multisig... https://github.com/spesmilo/electrum/pull/5440#issuecomment-549504761
        # note: trezor plugin needs xpubs included, if there are multisig inputs/change_outputs
        from .wallet import Multisig_Wallet
        if include_xpubs and isinstance(wallet, Multisig_Wallet):
            from .keystore import Xpub
            for ks in wallet.get_keystores():
                if isinstance(ks, Xpub):
                    fp_bytes, der_full = ks.get_fp_and_derivation_to_be_used_in_partial_tx(
                        der_suffix=[], only_der_suffix=False)
                    xpub = ks.get_xpub_to_be_used_in_partial_tx(only_der_suffix=False)
                    bip32node = BIP32Node.from_xkey(xpub)
                    self.xpubs[bip32node] = (fp_bytes, der_full)
        for txin in self.inputs():
            wallet.add_input_info(
                txin,
                only_der_suffix=False,
            )
        for txout in self.outputs():
            wallet.add_output_info(
                txout,
                only_der_suffix=False,
            )

    def remove_xpubs_and_bip32_paths(self) -> None:
        self.xpubs.clear()
        for txin in self.inputs():
            txin.bip32_paths.clear()
        for txout in self.outputs():
            txout.bip32_paths.clear()

    def prepare_for_export_for_coinjoin(self) -> None:
        """Removes all sensitive details."""
        # globals
        self.xpubs.clear()
        self._unknown.clear()
        # inputs
        for txin in self.inputs():
            txin.bip32_paths.clear()
        # outputs
        for txout in self.outputs():
            txout.redeem_script = None
            txout.witness_script = None
            txout.bip32_paths.clear()
            txout._unknown.clear()

    async def prepare_for_export_for_hardware_device(self, wallet: 'Abstract_Wallet') -> None:
        self.add_info_from_wallet(wallet, include_xpubs=True)
        await self.add_info_from_network(wallet.network)
        # log warning if PSBT_*_BIP32_DERIVATION fields cannot be filled with full path due to missing info
        from .keystore import Xpub

        def is_ks_missing_info(ks):
            return (isinstance(ks, Xpub) and (ks.get_root_fingerprint() is None
                                              or ks.get_derivation_prefix() is None))

        if any([is_ks_missing_info(ks) for ks in wallet.get_keystores()]):
            _logger.warning('PSBT was requested to be filled with full bip32 paths but '
                            'some keystores lacked either the derivation prefix or the root fingerprint')

    def convert_all_utxos_to_witness_utxos(self) -> None:
        """Replaces all NON-WITNESS-UTXOs with WITNESS-UTXOs.
        This will likely make an exported PSBT invalid spec-wise,
        but it makes e.g. QR codes significantly smaller.
        """
        for txin in self.inputs():
            txin.convert_utxo_to_witness_utxo()

    def remove_signatures(self):
        for txin in self.inputs():
            txin.sigs_ecdsa = {}
            txin.tap_key_sig = None
            txin.script_sig = None
            txin.witness = None
        assert not self.is_complete()
        self.invalidate_ser_cache()


def pack_bip32_root_fingerprint_and_int_path(xfp: bytes, path: Sequence[int]) -> bytes:
    if len(xfp) != 4:
        raise Exception(f'unexpected xfp length. xfp={xfp}')
    return xfp + b''.join(i.to_bytes(4, byteorder='little', signed=False) for i in path)


def unpack_bip32_root_fingerprint_and_int_path(path: bytes) -> Tuple[bytes, Sequence[int]]:
    if len(path) % 4 != 0:
        raise Exception(f'unexpected packed path length. path={path.hex()}')
    xfp = path[0:4]
    int_path = [int.from_bytes(b, byteorder='little', signed=False) for b in chunks(path[4:], 4)]
    return xfp, int_path
